Astronomy Principles and Practice Fourth Edition.pdf

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470 Index black body radiation, 216 blink microscope, 306 blooming, 257 Bohr, atomic theory, 221 bolometric correction, 310 magnitude scale, 310 Bouger’s law, 312 Brackett series, 224 Bradley, 133 Bragg spectrometer, 385 Brahé, 152, 166 brightness, 242 apparent, 219, 241 surface, 216 broadside array, 358 Bunsen, 212 Callanish, 76 canal rays, 220 cardinal points, 60 cathode rays, 220 CCD, 14 celestial equator, 24, 61 celestial mechanics, 170 characteristic curve, 288 chief ray, 272 Christiansen interferometer, 359 Christmas Tree array, 359 circle of least confusion, 251 circular polarization, 232 circumpolar, 5 stars, 64 Clarke belt, 195, 426 Clerk Maxwell, 231 co-latitude, 48 COAST, 335 coelostat, 347 collinear array, 358 colour index, 309 comet, 7 Comet Shoemaker–Levy, 192 Comte, 212 conjunction, 154 constant of aberration, 137 continuous spectrum, 212 Copernicus, 151 coronagraph, 348 cosine formula, 51 analogue, 52 cosmic ray physics, 19 cosmologies, 3 COSMOS scanning system, 306 coudé telescope, 377 culminate, 5 dark background, 298 count, 298 signal, 298 dark-adaptation, 285 Dawes’ empirical criterion, 275 dead reckoning position, 413 declination (δ), 24, 62 axis, 374 geocentric, 67 parallel of, 62 deferent, 150 density of photographic plate, 288 departure, 49 descending node, 79, 80, 185 diaphragm (field stop), 244 diffraction grating, 324, 325, 385, 446 image, 318 pattern, 245, 317, 385, 445 direct motion, 150 direction-cosines, 175 dispersing element, 324 dispersion, 250 diurnal movement, 7 Doll<strong>and</strong>, 239, 251 Doppler, 227 Doppler shift, 228 dynamic range, 288 dynamical mean sun, 93 Dynamical Time, 32 dynode, 294 Earth’s figure, 193 Eberhard effect, 290 eccentricity, 168, 186 eccentricity of Earth’s orbit, 432 ecliptic, 7, 25, 72 effective area, 355 effective temperature, 216, 356 electromagnetic radiation, 19 electron, 220 electron volt, 223 elliptical flat, 259
Index 471 ellipticity, 49 elongation, 154 emission spectra, 213 energy envelope, 215 energy integral, 176 English mounting, 376 entrance pupil, 272 ephemerides, 100 ephemeris meridian, 94 position, 32 transit, 94 Ephemeris Time, 100 epicycle, 150 equation of time, 93, 403 equator, 24 equatorial mounting, 374 equinox autumnal, 73, 103 spring, 73 vernal, 71, 103 equivalent wavelength, 306 Eratosthenes, 10 excited states, 223 exit pupil, 272 eye, 238, 272 lens, 279 relief, 272 spectral sensitivity, 284 eyepiece Huygens, 279 Kellner, 280 micrometer, 280 Ramsden, 279 solar, 281 Fabry lens, 321 field lens, 279, 321 first point of Aries, , 25, 71, 78 Fizeau, 210 Flamsteed, 34 flux, 241 collector, 241 unit, 352 focal length, 240 plane, 240 ratio, 240 foci, 167 fog, 287 following (telescope), 375 fork mounting, 376 four-parts formula, 52 Fraunhofer, 210 Fresnel, 209, 231 full-width half maximum, 306 Galileo, 14, 152 gamma (photographic), 288 γ -ray astronomy, 381 Gaussian constant of gravitation, 183 year, 184 Geiger counter, 386 general perturbations, 188 geocentric system, 59 geostationary satellites, 195, 427 German mounting, 376 germanium bolometer, 393 gibbous phase, 163 Global Positioning System, 50 great circle, 45 Greenwich, 47, 71 Date, 98 Mean Time, 96 meridian, 24, 96 Gregorian calendar, 99 ground state, 223 half-wave dipole, 357 Halley, 133, 173 Harrison, 99 Hayford geoid, 49 Heisenberg, 229 helical antenna, 371 heliocentric system, 59 heliostat, 347 Henry Draper Catalogue, 34 Herschel, W, 209 Hertzian dipole, 356 Hipparchus, 11, 29, 133, 140, 173 Hipparcos satellite, 17, 129, 149 Hohmann orbits, 196 horizontal parallax, 122 refraction, 117 hour angle, 62 Hubble Space Telescope, 17, 319 Huygens eyepiece, 278 hydrogen
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Chapter 1 Naked eye observations 1.
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A month 5 seen to rise above the ea
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A year 7 between south and west. An
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Chapter 2 Ancient world models Firs
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Ancient world models 11 Figure 2.1.
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Chapter 3 Observations made by inst
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Instrumentation in astronomy 15 Fig
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The role of the observer 17 Earth a
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Electromagnetic radiation 19 meteor
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Electromagnetic radiation 21 If, fo
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Electromagnetic radiation 23 device
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Direction of arrival of the radiati
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Brightness 27 Figure 5.3. The windo
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Brightness 29 physical conditions w
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Time 31 to house radio transmitters
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Chapter 6 The night sky 6.1 Star ma
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Simple observations 35 Figure 6.1.
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Chapter 7 The geometry of the spher
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Position on the Earth’s surface 4
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Spherical trigonometry 51 determine
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Spherical trigonometry 53 Figure 7.
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The small spherical triangle 55 7.4
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Problems—Chapter 7 57 Although th
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Chapter 8 The celestial sphere: coo
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The equatorial system 61 Figure 8.2
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Circumpolar stars 63 Figure 8.4. A
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Also Hence, we have or The measurem
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The geocentric celestial sphere 67
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Transformation of one coordinate sy
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Right ascension 71 or cos 47 ◦ 39
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The Sun’s geocentric behaviour 73
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Sunset and sunrise 75 Figure 8.15.
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Megalithic man and the Sun 77 Figur
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The ecliptic system of coordinates
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Galactic coordinates 81 Table 8.1.
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Galactic coordinates 83 Figure 8.22
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Galactic coordinates 85 Figure 8.25
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Problems—Chapter 8 87 where ε is
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Sidereal time 89 Figure 9.1. The ti
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Sidereal time 91 Figure 9.3. An equ
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Mean solar time 93 Figure 9.4. Posi
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The relationship between mean solar
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The civil day and timekeeping 97 It
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The tropical year and the calendar
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The Earth’s geographical zones 10
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Hence, the period of the year durin
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Twilight 105 Figure 9.10. The heati
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Twilight 107 For this to happen, ZB
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h m s Date Approximate ZT 16 30 0 J
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Problems—Chapter 9 111 Date (00 h
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Atmospheric refraction 113 Figure 1
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where ZOL = r. But ZOL = ζ .AlsoAB
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so that we have But Hence, Similarl
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Now But θ is a small angle so we m
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Geocentric parallax 121 Figure 10.6
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The semi-diameter of a celestial ob
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Measuring distance in the Solar Sys
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Stellar parallax 127 Figure 10.10.
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Stellar parallax 129 after. The val
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Problems—Chapter 10 131 Recent ob
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Chapter 11 The reduction of positio
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The velocity of light 135 Table 11.
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The constant of aberration 137 Figu
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Diurnal and planetary aberration 13
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Precession of the equinoxes 141 Fig
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Effect of precession on a star’s
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Nutation 145 Figure 11.10. The grav
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The tropical and sidereal years 147
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Chapter 12 Geocentric planetary phe
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The Copernican System 151 Figure 12
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Planetary configurations 153 (a) V
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The synodic period 155 Figure 12.5.
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Measurement of planetary distances
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Stationary points 159 Figure 12.8.
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Stationary points 161 Using equatio
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The phase of a planet 163 Figure 12
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Problems—Chapter 12 165 with an o
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Planetary orbits 167 Figure 13.1. M
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Planetary orbits 169 If P 1 SP 2 is
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Newton’s law of gravitation 171 a
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The Principia of Isaac Newton 173 N
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The two-body problem 175 Figure 13.
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The two-body problem 179 13.6.5 The
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The astronomical unit 183 For an ex
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Chapter 14 Celestial mechanics: the
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14.3 General properties of the many
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Special perturbation theories 189 F
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Special perturbation theories 191 F
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14.6 Dynamics of artificial Earth s
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The geostationary satellite 195 in
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Interplanetary transfer orbits 197
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Then V B = V c2 − V A ,sinceV c2
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Problems—Chapter 14 205 (figure 1
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210 The radiation laws Figure 15.1.
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212 The radiation laws Table 15.1.
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216 The radiation laws In order to
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218 The radiation laws where σ is
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220 The radiation laws The brightne
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222 The radiation laws centrifugal
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226 The radiation laws is moving pa
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230 The radiation laws In most phys
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232 The radiation laws radiation ha
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234 The radiation laws radiation is
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236 The radiation laws Figure 15.14
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Chapter 16 The optics of telescope
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240 The optics of telescope collect
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Chapter 17 Visual use of telescopes
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274 Visual use of telescopes By sub
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276 Visual use of telescopes 17.3 M
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278 Visual use of telescopes By let
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280 Visual use of telescopes Figure
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282 Visual use of telescopes For sm
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284 Detectors for optical telescope
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306 Astronomical optical measuremen
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Chapter 20 Modern telescopes and ot
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332 Modern telescopes and other opt
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Chapter 21 Radio telescopes 21.1 In
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354 Radio telescopes Figure 21.2. A
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358 Radio telescopes Figure 21.6. T
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362 Radio telescopes (a) Paraboloid
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364 Radio telescopes Figure 21.12.
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366 Radio telescopes The record fro
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368 Radio telescopes 2 N N Figure 2
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Chapter 22 Telescope mountings 22.1
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376 Telescope mountings arc and thi
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378 Telescope mountings Figure 22.4
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380 Telescope mountings The design
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382 High energy instruments and oth
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404 Practical projects to give the
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406 Practical projects Figure 24.2.
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408 Practical projects measurement
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416 Practical projects Summer Time
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418 Practical projects Figure 24.12
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Page 436 and 437: 442 Practical projects 24.7.2 The i
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Page 446 and 447: 452 Web sites • W 20.5—www.mrao
Page 448 and 449: Appendix: Astronomical and related
Page 450 and 451: 456 Appendix: Astronomical and rela
Page 452 and 453: Bibliography 1 Source books The Ast
Page 454 and 455: Answers to problems Chapter 7 1. 32
Page 456 and 457: 462 Answers to problems Figure A8.2
Page 458 and 459: 464 Answers to problems Figure A10.
Page 460 and 461: 466 Answers to problems Figure A13.
Page 462 and 463: 468 Answers to problems 5. 1·64 6.
Page 466 and 467: 472 Index atom, 221 line, 353 illum
Page 468 and 469: 474 Index potential energy, 177 pow
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