usaid/nambia environmental threats and opportunities assessment

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TOURISM AND WILDLIFE Tourism in Namibia grew rapidly between 1990 and 2006 (an estimated 14% per annum in the first six years after independence, trailing off to an average of between 5 and 9% per annum thereafter). Comprehensive tourist arrival statistics are now available from the Namibia Tourism Board for 2009. Overall tourist numbers (using the international WTO definition of what constitutes a tourist) rose slightly to 980,173 compared to 931,111 in 2008. The vast majority of these tourists came from Angola and South Africa with increasing numbers from other African countries – in total some 723,760 (about 73%) tourists came from countries in Africa. A total of 206,494 came from European countries with Germany (81,974) and the UK (28,039) the two largest countries of origin by some way. FISHERIES The marine fishing and fish-processing-on-board sector has declined in recent years as a result of adverse natural environmental conditions and reduced landings. A decline of 12.3% in 2008 as compared to a decline of 19.0% recorded in 2007 has been recorded. MANUFACTURING Namibia’s meat processing and onshore fish processing sectors are indirectly linked to environmental (particularly climatic) conditions and, as a result, can fluctuate dramatically from one year to the next. Thus, the real value added by the manufacturing sector declined by 2.6% in 2008 as compared to an increase of 8.5% in 2007. In 2008, meat processing declined by 8% due to a drop in the number of livestock marketed. The 18% decline of onshore fish processing is attributed to an increase in input costs and low landings recorded in pelagic, demersal, and deepwater fisheries. POPULATION GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION In 2008, Namibia’s population was estimated at 2 million. The population growth rate – currently at 2.5% per annum – is slowly declining (NPC 2008 a). Sixty percent of the population lives in six northern regions of the country (Figure 1). Approximately 70% of the population live in rural areas. B. POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT 1. INCOME AND HUMAN POVERTY IN NAMIBIA Poverty can be described in terms of income poverty and/or human poverty. Whilst income poverty is presented purely in financial terms, human poverty pertains to life expectancy, educational attainment, and income. With respect to income poverty alone, an estimated 41% of Namibians could be classified as either poor or severely poor in 2003/2004 (NPC 2006). Furthermore: The incidence of poor and severely poor households in rural areas was more than triple the incidence in urban areas. The highest incidence of income poverty is found in the Kavango region (home to approximately 7% of Namibia’s population) where 56% are poor and 37% are severely poor. More than 60% of all poor households in Namibia are found in the combined northern regions of Kavango, Ohangwena, Oshikoto, and Omusati where the majority of people depend on subsistence farming for their livelihood. 16 USAID/NAMIBIA ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT
Figure 1: Human population density (Source: Mendelsohn et al 2002) Income poverty incidence is lowest in Khomas (home to 14% of Namibia’s population) and Erongo (home to 5% of Namibia’s population), with h 6% and 10% poor and 2% and 5% severely poor, respectively. In 2008, poor and severely poor households were estimated at 28% and 4% respectively (NPC, 2008 a). Although Namibia appears to be making progress towards eradicating extreme income poverty, and access to primary health care and education has improved, recent quantitative analyses of the human poverty index HPI (UNDP 2007) suggest that human povertyy levels in Namibia are, in fact, increasing. 3 3 Rural areas remain significantly higher than urban areas in all three dimensions of humann poverty ( 50% in Oshikoto, Omusati, and Kavango compared to < 20% in Khomas and Erongo, which both support large urban populations) (UNDP 2007) . Since 1991, the HPI has fallen in only five regions. These are Erongo, Otjozondjupa, Omaheke, Kunene and Kavango. In the remaining eight regions the HPI is increasing – a trend that is particularly noticeable in Ohangwena, Omusati, Oshikoto and Kavango (ibid). USAID/NAMIBIA ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT 17
Page 1 and 2: USAID/NAMBIA ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
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Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 9 and 10: ACRONYMS AALS ART BCLME BMC CBM CBN
Page 11 and 12: NCA NDP NGO NNF NNFU NPC NPP NSF NW
Page 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A group of resourc
Page 16 and 17: PURPOSE OF THIS ASSESSMENT This doc
Page 18 and 19: TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY AND TROPIC
Page 20 and 21: Another potential impact is the CO
Page 22 and 23: In addition to the overexploitation
Page 24 and 25: understanding the perspectives of c
Page 26 and 27: C. METHODOLOGY This assessment was
Page 28 and 29: The HIV/AIDS epidemic Natural disas
Page 32 and 33: An underlying cause of increasing H
Page 34 and 35: Infant mortality as well as under-f
Page 36 and 37: Figure 3: Levelsels of school enrol
Page 38 and 39: 3. THE LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONA
Page 40 and 41: land that was previously used only
Page 42 and 43: Overall, land productivity, particu
Page 44 and 45: Marine fisheries are regulated by t
Page 46 and 47: Figure 5: Namibia’s major biomes
Page 48 and 49: espectively of their areas protecte
Page 50 and 51: development of business skills and
Page 52 and 53: Increasing aridification and a grad
Page 54 and 55: THREAT: POORLY PLANNED RESETTLEMENT
Page 56 and 57: Nine of the 15 southern African bre
Page 58 and 59: Figure 8: Main fishinging areas and
Page 60 and 61: MAJOR THREAT 2. ONSHORE AND OFFSHOR
Page 62 and 63: Deep-sea mining and diamond dredgin
Page 64 and 65: Increases in frequency and intensit
Page 66 and 67: Catchment issues (mainly pollution
Page 68 and 69: Figure 11. Surface and groundwater
Page 70 and 71: small irrigation projects. Wetlands
Page 72 and 73: Local Authorities (also in MRLGHRD)
Page 74 and 75: MAJOR THREAT 6. CLIMATE CHANGE Base
Page 76 and 77: fenced off informally and illegally
Page 78 and 79: Figure15: Average carrying capacity
Page 80 and 81:
VALUE OF RANGELAND PRODUCTS Livesto
Page 82 and 83:
MAJOR THREAT 5. BUSH ENCROACHMENT I
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 17. Distribution of forests
Page 86 and 87:
inadequate. About 50 species of pla
Page 88 and 89:
Threats Population growth and pover
Page 90 and 91:
5. CONCLUSIONS Despite some shortfa
Page 92 and 93:
Focus in the northwest should be on
Page 94 and 95:
RECOMMENDATION: LAND-USE ZONATION E
Page 96 and 97:
RECOMMENDATION: DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE
Page 98 and 99:
Water and Forestry Debra Mosel Assi
Page 100 and 101:
actions meet those needs. By mandat
Page 102 and 103:
training led to an 8 percent averag
Page 104 and 105:
pollution) to which they and humans
Page 106 and 107:
Illustrative Outline: a) Introducti
Page 108 and 109:
9. SELECTED REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
Page 110 and 111:
AR4 spatial pattern that suggests m
Page 112 and 113:
The findings by Turpie et al 2010 c
Page 114 and 115:
Increasing human-wildlife conflict.
Page 116 and 117:
Batty M, Tjipute M, Sowman M, Cardo
Page 118 and 119:
Cury, P., & Roy, C. 1989. Optimal e
Page 120 and 121:
Hulme, M. (Ed.). 1996. Climate chan
Page 122 and 123:
Namibian National Biodiversity Prog
Page 124 and 125:
Resources in Southern Africa: Studi
Page 128:
U.S. Agency for International Devel
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