usaid/nambia environmental threats and opportunities assessment

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Infant mortality as well as under-five mortality, which declined noticeably between 1990 and 2000, has been on an upward trend since then – mostly as a result of HIV/ AIDS and inadequate nutrition. Maternal mortality has been on the rise since the beginning of the 1990s – also as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Access by urban households to safe drinking water in 2008 was almost 100%, but has slightly decreased. Access by rural households to safe drinking water is increasing and currently stands at 80%. Access of urban households to basic sanitation has declined in recent years and stands at 58%. For rural households, access is estimated to be 14%. The prevalence of TB has declined since 2004 and current programmes and policies are likely to further contribute to the lowering of TB cases. Cases of malaria have declined over the past 15 years to the current ratio of 48 cases per 1,000 people. However, the profile of this disease – as with all other vector-borne diseases – may change with changing climates and prove to become more (or less) problematic in the future. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is the primary driver of falling life expectancy 5 in Namibia and is discussed in more detail below. 2. THE HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC The 2010 National HIV Sentinel survey of prevalence rates in pregnant women aged 15-49 (MoHSS 2010) reports that: National prevalence of the disease in this group of Namibians is estimated at 18.8%. There is little difference in HIV prevalence between rural and urban areas, but the disease is concentrated amongst mobile populations (e.g. those linked to the mining industry and at border entry/exit points). The incidence of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs), a major consequence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, is highest in Namibia’s rural areas with the lowest wealth quintiles. The highest incidence of OVCs in Namibia occurs in the Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, and Kavango regions which all report between 31 and 37% incidence (MoHSS 2008). There has been successful rollout of anti-retroviral treatment (ART) to all 36 hospitals countrywide, with 58,775 people receiving ART in 2005/06 (GRN 2008). The number of HIV/AIDS cases in Namibia is expected to increase for several years. Evidence of the difficult issues surrounding the planning, funding, and treatment of the HIV/AIDS epidemic was seen on several occasions during the two-week mission. Several USAID-funded HIV clinics were being closed as of the end of the fiscal year (September 30, 2010) due to a shift in program strategy, a result of careful coordination and planning between the USG and the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS). The expectation is that the GRN would assume responsibilities for the 5 Life expectancy fell by 11 years (men) and 13 years (women) to 48 and 50 respectively between 1991 and 2001. 20 USAID/NAMIBIA ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT
treatment and care previously provided by these HIV facilities. Concern was expressed by several individuals with respect to the quality of care and/or lack of diagnoses and treatment that would now be in place. This issue serves as an important reminder to consider if current donor assistance for dealing with HIV/AIDS in Namibia is reduced, which could necessitate the GRN having to take greater financial responsibility for this epidemic with, as a result, fewer resources for conservation. D. EDUCATION In 2006, net primary school enrollment was estimated at 92% – a figure which has increased dramatically since 1990 but has declined since 2003 (NPC, 2008 a) (Figure 3). In 2004, more than half of Namibia’s labor force was unskilled and un- or semi-educated (NPC 2006). Large differences exist regarding educational attainment between rural and urban populations. Twenty-three percent of the population in rural areas had no formal education compared to 7% in urban areas (ibid). A shortage of skilled workers is recognized as one of the key impediments to growth in productivity and accelerating economic growth (GRN 2008). Although the literacy rate in 2006 was estimated at 93% 6 , the general competence level of learners in Namibia is considered to be low when compared to other southern and eastern African countries (ibid) (Figure 4). Namibia has invested heavily in the education sector since independence and the sector’s share of the total budget has increased since 2003/04 from 18.3% to the current 22.4% (Schade, 2010). 6 In 2005, the adult literacy rate was recorded at 82% for women and 83 % for men. However, this estimate obscures regional differences with some regions recording that 40% of women were able to read and write (GRN 2008). USAID/NAMIBIA ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES ASSESSMENT 21
Page 1 and 2: USAID/NAMBIA ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
Page 3: USAID/NAMIBIA ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Page 9 and 10: ACRONYMS AALS ART BCLME BMC CBM CBN
Page 11 and 12: NCA NDP NGO NNF NNFU NPC NPP NSF NW
Page 13: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A group of resourc
Page 16 and 17: PURPOSE OF THIS ASSESSMENT This doc
Page 18 and 19: TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY AND TROPIC
Page 20 and 21: Another potential impact is the CO
Page 22 and 23: In addition to the overexploitation
Page 24 and 25: understanding the perspectives of c
Page 26 and 27: C. METHODOLOGY This assessment was
Page 28 and 29: The HIV/AIDS epidemic Natural disas
Page 30 and 31: TOURISM AND WILDLIFE Tourism in Nam
Page 32 and 33: An underlying cause of increasing H
Page 36 and 37: Figure 3: Levelsels of school enrol
Page 38 and 39: 3. THE LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONA
Page 40 and 41: land that was previously used only
Page 42 and 43: Overall, land productivity, particu
Page 44 and 45: Marine fisheries are regulated by t
Page 46 and 47: Figure 5: Namibia’s major biomes
Page 48 and 49: espectively of their areas protecte
Page 50 and 51: development of business skills and
Page 52 and 53: Increasing aridification and a grad
Page 54 and 55: THREAT: POORLY PLANNED RESETTLEMENT
Page 56 and 57: Nine of the 15 southern African bre
Page 58 and 59: Figure 8: Main fishinging areas and
Page 60 and 61: MAJOR THREAT 2. ONSHORE AND OFFSHOR
Page 62 and 63: Deep-sea mining and diamond dredgin
Page 64 and 65: Increases in frequency and intensit
Page 66 and 67: Catchment issues (mainly pollution
Page 68 and 69: Figure 11. Surface and groundwater
Page 70 and 71: small irrigation projects. Wetlands
Page 72 and 73: Local Authorities (also in MRLGHRD)
Page 74 and 75: MAJOR THREAT 6. CLIMATE CHANGE Base
Page 76 and 77: fenced off informally and illegally
Page 78 and 79: Figure15: Average carrying capacity
Page 80 and 81: VALUE OF RANGELAND PRODUCTS Livesto
Page 82 and 83: MAJOR THREAT 5. BUSH ENCROACHMENT I
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 17. Distribution of forests
Page 86 and 87:
inadequate. About 50 species of pla
Page 88 and 89:
Threats Population growth and pover
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5. CONCLUSIONS Despite some shortfa
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Focus in the northwest should be on
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RECOMMENDATION: LAND-USE ZONATION E
Page 96 and 97:
RECOMMENDATION: DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE
Page 98 and 99:
Water and Forestry Debra Mosel Assi
Page 100 and 101:
actions meet those needs. By mandat
Page 102 and 103:
training led to an 8 percent averag
Page 104 and 105:
pollution) to which they and humans
Page 106 and 107:
Illustrative Outline: a) Introducti
Page 108 and 109:
9. SELECTED REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
Page 110 and 111:
AR4 spatial pattern that suggests m
Page 112 and 113:
The findings by Turpie et al 2010 c
Page 114 and 115:
Increasing human-wildlife conflict.
Page 116 and 117:
Batty M, Tjipute M, Sowman M, Cardo
Page 118 and 119:
Cury, P., & Roy, C. 1989. Optimal e
Page 120 and 121:
Hulme, M. (Ed.). 1996. Climate chan
Page 122 and 123:
Namibian National Biodiversity Prog
Page 124 and 125:
Resources in Southern Africa: Studi
Page 128:
U.S. Agency for International Devel
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