usaid/nambia environmental threats and opportunities assessment

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ··········································································· IX
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ··············································································· 1
1. INTRODUCTION ·············································································· 11
A. Country Overview ............................................................................................................................. 11
B. The Purpose of this Assessment ..................................................................................................... 11
C. Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 12
D. The sustainability of the Development Program in Namibia ................................................... 12
2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF NAMIBIA ···································· 13
A. Key Economic Drivers and Constraints........................................................................................ 13
1. Namibia’s development guidelines .................................................................................................................. 13
2. Namibia’s economic constraints ...................................................................................................................... 13
3. Economic performance/trends and aspirations per sector ....................................................................... 14
B. Poverty and Employment .................................................................................................................. 16
1. Income and human poverty in Namibia ......................................................................................................... 16
2. Poverty and gender inequity in Namibia ........................................................................................................ 18
3. Unemployment and rates of urbanization ..................................................................................................... 18
4. Poverty and dependence on natural resources ............................................................................................ 18
C. Health .................................................................................................................................................... 19
1. Overview of Health issues ................................................................................................................................ 19
2. The HIV/AIDS epidemic .................................................................................................................................... 20
D. Education .............................................................................................................................................. 21
3. THE LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ··················· 24
A. Overview of Key Policies and Laws (Land and Natural Resources) ...................................... 24
1. Agriculture ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
2. Water .................................................................................................................................................................... 26
3. Forestry and Wildlife .......................................................................................................................................... 27
4. Land ....................................................................................................................................................................... 28
5. Fisheries sector .................................................................................................................................................... 29
6. Environmental planning ...................................................................................................................................... 30
Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
4. OVERVIEW OF NAMIBIA’S BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SECTORS ············································· 31
A. Wildlife and Conservation ................................................................................................................ 31
1. Background Information .................................................................................................................................... 31
2. SWOT overview ................................................................................................................................................. 37
3. Analysis of major weaknesses and threats .................................................................................................... 37
4. Strengths/opportunities ..................................................................................................................................... 40
5. Conclusions .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
B. Coastal and Marine Environment .................................................................................................. 41
1. Background information .................................................................................................................................... 41
2. SWOT overview ................................................................................................................................................. 42
3. Analysis of major weaknesses and threats .................................................................................................... 43
4. Key Opportunities .............................................................................................................................................. 51