OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Table C.2 (cont. ) -- APPENDIX C: AIR MASS, ATMOSPHERIC EXTINCTION Table C.2 (cont. ) 1605 XSIGN = 1: Al = ABS(VAL(A$ » 1610 IF LEFT$(A$ ,l)="-" THEN XSIGN= -1 1615 A# = XSIGN* (A1+A2/60#+A3/3600# ) 1620 RETURN 1650 REM ** ******** Ddeg to DMS 1651 REM subroutine to convert decimal degrees (+ or -) to Deg , Min, Sec. 1652 REM 1655 XSIGN =SGN(DDEG#): X#=ABS (DDEG#): IF XSIGN=O THEN XSIGN=l 1660 DEG INT(X#)*XSIGN: X#=(X#-INT(X#» *60# 1665 MIN = INT(X#): X#=(X#-INT(X#» *60# 1670 SEC = X# 1675 IF SEC > 59.99 THEN SEC SEC-60 : MIN MIN + XSIGN 1680 IF MIN > 59.99 THEN MIN MIN=60: DEG DEG + XSIGN 1685 RETURN 1700 REM ** ******** compute Alt , Az, Airm 1705 REM subroutine to compute altitude , azimuth, airmass, hour angle 1710 REM 1715 REM input: ST, RA, DEC , LAIR , SO 1720 REM output is corrected for refraction 1725 REM 1730 GOSUB 1200 REM compHA 1735 GOSUB 1250 REM Zenithangle 1736 GOSUB 2500 REM refcorr 1740 GOSUB 2550 REM Altitude 1745 GOSUB 2600 REM Azimuth 1750 GOSUB 2650 REM Airmass 1755 RETURN 1799 REM ********** Cal to JD 1800 REM SUBROUTINE to convert Calendar day to Julian Day 1805 REM adapted from Sky and Telescope May 1984 , page 454-455. 1810 REM input: year=y month=m day=d 1812 REM g=flag for gregorian calendar (begin 1752 in england , colonies ) 1813 REM (begin 1873 in japan , 1927 in turkey ) 1814 REM g=l gregorian calendar , =0 for Julian calendar 1815 G=l 1816 IF Y=O THEN RETURN 1865 F=F+1 : J=J- 1 1870 RETURN 1899 REM ** *** ***** JD to Cal 1900 REM SUBROUTINE to convert Julian Day to Ca lendar Day . 1901 REM 1902 REM Adapted from Sky and Telescope May , 1984 page 454-455 . 1905 REM input : J= Julian Day (integer part ), F= fractional part of day 1906 REM ou tput : Y= year , M= month , D=day (including fractional part ) - - 19 10 G=l :FTMP=F : JTMP=J 19 1 5 IF J 59.995 THEN MIN MIN-60 : HOURS = HOURS + XSIGN 2090 RETURN 2100 REM ********** compSO 2110 REM subroutine to compute side real time at Greenwich at o hours UT 2120 REM on the date DD MM YY (day , month, year ) 2130 REM J= Julian Centuries elapsed from DD MM YY 2140 Y= YY 2150 M= MM 2160 D= DD 2170 GOSUB 1800 REM Cal to JD 2173 JJ# 2176 JF# 2180 Jl# 2185 REM 2190 JO# 2200 SOH 220 1 SOU 220 5 SOil 2210 SOli 2220 RETURN J F JJ/I + JFII Julian day 2451545.0 is January 1, 2000 at 12 hours UT (Jll1 - 2451 54511)/3652511 24 110. 5484111+8640184.81286611*JOII+ .09310411*JOII*JOII SOli - .000006211*JOII*JO#*JOII SOil /8640011 SOil - INT( SOil) 276 277
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Table C.2 (cont. ) 2300 REM ** ******** cosineHA 2301 REM subroutine to compute the cosine of the zenith angle when the 2302 REM object is at the ho rizon = COSHA 2305 2307 X#= SQR(l#-COSHA# *COSHA# ) 2308 IF X#=O ! THEN X#=lE+37 2310 HAHORZ# = PIHALF# - ATN (COSHA# /X#) 2315 RETURN 2400 REM ** ******** set time 2401 REM subroutine to compute the set time of an object 2402 REM 2405 REM 2410 TSET# (RA# + HAHORZ# + LONGR# )/(2#*PI#) - SOU 2415 RETURN 2450 REM ********** risetime 2451 REM subroutine to compute rise time of an object 2455 TRISE# = (RA# - HAHORZ# + LONGR# )/(2#*PI# ) - SOU 2460 RETURN 2500 REM ** ******** refcorr 2501 REM subroutine to compute refraction corre ction to zenith angle . 2502 REM 2503 2505 25 10 25 12 25 15 2517 2520 2550 2551 2552 2555 2560 COSHA# =(COS (ZH#) - SIN( LATR# )*SIN( DEC# » /(COS (LATR#l*COS ( DEC# » note ra , hahoriz, longr are in radians , sO in decimal days REM the following computes the arcsin of (0.9986sin(0.9967za» X# = .9986047 * SIN( .9967614 * ZA# ) X# = ATN( X# /SQR(l #-X#*X# » XTMP# = -1 !* PRESSURE * .0571716 /(273! * TEMPC ) XCORR# = XTMP#*(ZA#- X# )*ONERAD#- .000579084#*ZA#*ONERAD# ZCORR# = ZAP + XCORR#/ ONERAD# RETURN REM ** ******** Altitude REM su brou tine to compute altitude in decimal degrees REM ALT# = (ZH# - ZCORR# )*ONERAD# RETURN 2600 REM ** ******** Az imuth 2601 REM su broutine to compute azimuth in decimal degrees 2602 REM 2603 Xl# = -l#*COS( DEC# )*SIN(HA# ) 2605 X2# = COS ( LATR# )*SIN(DEC# ) - SIN(LATR# )*COS (DEC#)*COS(HA# ) 2606 IF X2# = O! THEN AZIM# = 0# : RETURN 2607 X# = ATN( Xl#/X2#)*ONERAD# 2608 IF X2# > 0# AND Xl# < 0# THEN AZIM# 2609 IF X2# > 0# AND Xl# > 0# THEN AZIM# 26 10 IF X2# < 0# THEN AZIM# 180# + X# 2620 RETURN 2650 REM ********** Airmass 26 51 REM subroutine to compute air mass of an object 26 52 REM 2655 2660 2661 36011 + X# X = I! / COS(ZCORR# ) IF ZCORR#= 1.3089 THEN AIRMAS = 3. 7978 + XTMP * 120 2667 IF ZCORR# > ZH# THEN AIRMAS=999 ! 2670 RETURN X# a altitude azimuth B C Cl D Appendix D Symbols and their definitions The angular size of the telescope's diffraction pattern in arc-seconds. (Chapter 3) The maximum apparent field of view seen in an eyepiece. (Chapter 3) The apparent diameter of an object as viewed by the human eye. (Chapter 3) The angular diameter of the diffraction disk in the telescope, defined as the diameter where the light falls to zero in the first dark ring of the diffraction pattern. (Chapter 3) The true angular diameter of an object in the sky. (Chapters 3, 5) The angular height of an object above the local true horizon. (Appendix C) The position angle of an object counting around the horizon; 0° when due north, 90° when due east, 180° when due south, and 270° when due west. (Appendix C) The amount of light absorbed by the atmosphere, in stellar magnitudes. (Appendix C) The surface brightness of an object. (Chapters 2, 6; Appendices E, F) The surface brightness of the background around an object. (Chapters 2, 6; Appendices E, F) The contrast between an object and its background. (Chapters 2, 6; Appendices E, F) Logarithm of the contrast between the main surface brightness of an object and sky background of 24.25 magnitudes per square arc-second. (Appendices E, F) The diameter of a telescope objec- tive or primary mirror. (Chapters 3, 4; Appendix F) De The diameter of the fully dilated human eye, usually taken to be ab out 7.5 millimeters. (Chapter 4) Dec The declination of an object. (Chapter 3; Appendix C) Dec The difference between two declinations. (Chapter 3) ep The diameter of a telescope's exit pupil. (Chapter 3) j The focal length of an eyepiece. (Chapter 3) jm The maximum usable focal length of an eyepiece. Larger than this, the apparent field would be restricted by the eyepiece tube assembly. (Chapter 3) F The effective focal length of a telescope. In simple reflectors or refractors, this is the focal length of the lens or primary mirror. In compound systems, it is the focal length of the primary times the magnification of one or more secondaries. (Chapter 3) GMSTO the mean sidereal time at Greenwich, England, calculated for 0 hours UT on a given date. (Appendix C) h The observer's elevation above sea level in feet. (Appendix C) HA The hour angle of an object from the local meridian. (Appendix C) HA' The hour angle of an object on the horizon. (Appendix C) JD Julian Day. (Appendix C) k The atmospheric absorption per air mass in stellar magnitudes. (Appendix C) K The number of J ulian centuries from 12:00 UT January 1, 2000. A 278 279
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK
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Published by Sky Publishing Corpora
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CONTENTS M78 (NGC 2068) NGC 207 1,
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PREFACE During research for this bo
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AB
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY TH
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.. .. .. .. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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e viewed with enough magnification
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lens and a piano-convex eye lens. A
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controlled depends on how many laye
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The Lumicon H-Beta Filter (Figure 3
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every 1 ° in declination and 4 min
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error of only one quarter the field
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Table 4.1. Ideal limiting magnitude
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5 Making drawings and keeping recor
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more detail in the future. They add
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.. .. .. ... Contrast (C) C Log(C)
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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--- M76 (NGC 650-651), PLANETARY NE
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-- -- M45, THE PLEIADES OPEN CLUSTE
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-- Brightest stars of the Pleiades
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M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), THE
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--- --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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-- --- NGC 2023 NGC 2024, IC 434 (T
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--- --- M78 (NGC 2068), NGC 2071, D
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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--- M67 (NGC 2682), OPEN CLUSTER IN
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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--- -- M82 (NGC 3034), PECULIAR GAL
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-- --- --- MI05 (NGe 3379) NGe 3384
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MI09 (NGe 3992), GALAXY IN URSA MAJ
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-- --- M99 (NGC 4254), GALAXY IN CO
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== -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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--- --- -- NGC 4449, GALAXY IN CANE
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-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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--- -- M90 (NGC 4569), GALAXY IN VI
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--- -- M94 (NGC 4736), GALAXY IN CA
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Page 93 and 94:
-- VISUAL ASTRON0MY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 95 and 96: -- --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 97 and 98: -- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 99 and 100: --- -- M83 (NGC 5236), GALAXY IN HY
Page 101 and 102: -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 103 and 104: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 107 and 108: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 109 and 110: --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 111 and 112: ---------------- 5 / --------______
Page 115 and 116: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
Page 123 and 124: -- MI5 (NGC 7078), GLOBULAR CLUSTER
Page 133 and 134: -- ·rl E I u L ro 5 +J Q) (f) 0 Y
Page 135 and 136: -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 137 and 138: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY NG
Page 139 and 140: '2 5 -rl E I U L CO '---' -t-J ill
Page 141 and 142: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AP
Page 145: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 149 and 150: -- Appendix E A catalog of deep-sky
Page 153 and 154: -- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 155 and 156: --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 167 and 168: -- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MA
Page 169 and 170: ------- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 173 and 174: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 177 and 178: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 179 and 180: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 181 and 182: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 183 and 184: G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 185 and 186: INDEX INDEX M70 (NGC 6681), 312, 31
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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