OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A VISUAL ATLAS OF DEEP-SKY OBJECTS -- • • • • • . . • • • • o • '. • ---20' Photograph oJ NGC 2023, NGC 2024, and IC 434. South is up . (CourtesyJames E. Gunn.) Drawing of NGC 2023 NGC 2024 and IC 434 with an 8-inch telescope. ' The Horsehed was barely seen wzth the 8-inch telescope. A power of 117x was better fo r detecting it than 82X; the higher power may have helped reduce the glareJrom Zeta Orionis. Scale: 4.6 arc-min/cm 8-inch f/ 1 1.5 Cassegrain 28mm Kellner (82 x) 20mm Erfle (117 x) Viewing Distance (cm) IOX:75 25x:30 50 x: 15 100X:7 200x:4 300x:2 air mass: 1.12, faintest star: 14.2 at zenith, 117x; no tracking 2/ 1 2/83 7:00-8:00 UT at Waianae Ranch, Hawaii; R. Clark 108 109
--- --- M78 (NGC 2068), NGC 2071, DIFFUSE NEBULAE IN ORlON M78: R.A. 05h 46.8m, Dec. 00° 03 ' NGC 2071: R.A. 05h 47.2m, Dec. 00° 18', (2000.0) Technical. M78 is a small reflection nebula a little more than 2° northeast of Zeta Orionis. It was discovered by Pierre Mechain in 1780. The nebula is believed to be about 1600 light-years distant, roughly the same as Zeta Orionis. It is 2 or 3 light-years across. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY The light it scatters is from the magnitude star HD 38563. Just northeast of M78 is NGe another reflection nebula. The entire is enveloped in a dark nebula, so stars few. The total magnitude of M78 is 8, with a size of 8 by 6 arc-minutes, its a surface brightness is 20.8 magnitudes square arc-second. NGe 2071 is 4 by 3 minutes, and its average surface brightness somewhat dimmer than M78's. V' uaI. M78 often looks like a small comet. ih a visual magniude of 8 and a size of 8 b arc-minutes, It has a mean surface 6 n sharp, while the sout h ern part Ims gradual- I starting near the northern edge. The ::bula contains two 10th-magnitude stars, ne near the northern edge, the other 53 ° arceconds to the south. A third and fainter star s near the southern limit of the nebula, b Y ghtness of 20.8. Its northern border is slightly east of the other two. A VISUAL ATLAS OF DEEP-SKY OBJECTS d' NGe 2071 appears smaller and fainter than M78. It has a size of 4 by 3 arc-minutes, but there are no magnitude estimates. • .. • - 5'--- Photograph of M78 and NGC 2071. South is up . (Courtesy Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album.) llO Drawing of M78 and NGC 2071. Scale: 2.0 arc-min/cm 8-111ch f! II.S Cassegrain 12.4mm Erfle (188X) Viewing Distance (cm) 25 X:69 SOX:34 lOOx: 17 200X :9 300X:6 400 x:4 III air mass: 1.09, faintest star 13.7 at zenith, 188x, no tracking 11/ 14/82 11:51-12:IS UT at Barbers Point ' Hawaii; R. Clark
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK
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Published by Sky Publishing Corpora
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CONTENTS M78 (NGC 2068) NGC 207 1,
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PREFACE During research for this bo
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AB
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Page 13 and 14: .. .. .. .. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
Page 17 and 18: e viewed with enough magnification
Page 21 and 22: lens and a piano-convex eye lens. A
Page 25 and 26: controlled depends on how many laye
Page 27 and 28: The Lumicon H-Beta Filter (Figure 3
Page 29 and 30: every 1 ° in declination and 4 min
Page 31 and 32: error of only one quarter the field
Page 33 and 34: Table 4.1. Ideal limiting magnitude
Page 35 and 36: 5 Making drawings and keeping recor
Page 37 and 38: more detail in the future. They add
Page 39 and 40: .. .. .. ... Contrast (C) C Log(C)
Page 41 and 42: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 47 and 48: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 49 and 50: --- M76 (NGC 650-651), PLANETARY NE
Page 53 and 54: -- -- M45, THE PLEIADES OPEN CLUSTE
Page 55 and 56: -- Brightest stars of the Pleiades
Page 57 and 58: M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), THE
Page 59 and 60: --- --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
Page 61: -- --- NGC 2023 NGC 2024, IC 434 (T
Page 65 and 66: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
Page 67 and 68: --- M67 (NGC 2682), OPEN CLUSTER IN
Page 69 and 70: -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 71 and 72: --- -- M82 (NGC 3034), PECULIAR GAL
Page 73 and 74: -- --- --- MI05 (NGe 3379) NGe 3384
Page 77 and 78: MI09 (NGe 3992), GALAXY IN URSA MAJ
Page 79 and 80: -- --- M99 (NGC 4254), GALAXY IN CO
Page 81 and 82: == -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 83 and 84: --- --- -- NGC 4449, GALAXY IN CANE
Page 85 and 86: -- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 87 and 88: --- -- M90 (NGC 4569), GALAXY IN VI
Page 89 and 90: --- -- M94 (NGC 4736), GALAXY IN CA
Page 93 and 94: -- VISUAL ASTRON0MY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 95 and 96: -- --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 97 and 98: -- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 99 and 100: --- -- M83 (NGC 5236), GALAXY IN HY
Page 107 and 108: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 109 and 110: --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 111 and 112: ---------------- 5 / --------______
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
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-- MI5 (NGC 7078), GLOBULAR CLUSTER
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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-- ·rl E I u L ro 5 +J Q) (f) 0 Y
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-- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY NG
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'2 5 -rl E I U L CO '---' -t-J ill
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
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-- Appendix E A catalog of deep-sky
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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--- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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-- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MA
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------- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
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G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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INDEX INDEX M70 (NGC 6681), 312, 31
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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