OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY - -- APPEN DIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MAGNIFICATIONS FOR DEEP-SKY OBJECTS Optimum Detection Magnification Optimum Detection Magnificat ion size for a given telescope ap erture size for a given telescope aperture - - ID v mag arc - min S.B. Cl 2 4 6 8 12 16 24 ID v mag arc - min S.B. Cl 2 4 - - - - - -1 - - - - -1 - - - - - - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - - - - - - --- -1-----1 ---------1----1 ----1----1----1----1 6 8 ----1----1 16 ----1-- 24 -- NGC 615 12 .6 2.7xO .8 22 .1 0.9 450 436 306 187 131 10 1 NGC 1351 12 .8 0.8xO .6 20 .6 1.4 600 600 581 354 249 152 NGC 628 9.0 9.0x9 .0 22 .4 0.7 9 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 1350 1l . 8 3.0x1 .5 22 .1 0.9 240 177 108 76 55 54 81 NGC 650-1 10 . 1.5xO .7 18 .7 2.2 514 514 514 412 251 122 NGC 1360 6.0x4 .5 54 177 NGC 663 7. 11x11 20 .8 l.4 7 14 20 27 41 ' 54 81 NGC 1365 11 .2 8.0x3 .5 23 .4 0.3 63 27 22 27 41 54 81 NGC 672 1l . 6 4.5x1 .7 22 .4 0.7 212 134 82 46 81 NGC 1374 12 .4 0.8xO .8 20 .5 l.5 450 436 306 131 101 57 54 12 187 NGC 681 12 .9 l. 3xl . 2 22 .0 0.9 290 177 124 76 67 81 NGC 1379 12 .3 0.6xO .6 19 .8 l.8 600 600 581 354 249 152 NGC 752 7.5 45x45 24 .4 -0 .1 7 14 20 27 41 8 1 NGC 1380 3. Oxl . 0 2l . 2 l.2 360 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 779 1l . 8 3.0xO .5 20 .9 l.4 720 720 720 720 531 227 NGC 1381 12 .6 2.0xO .5 2l. 2 l.2 720 720 720 531 373 227 NGC 869 4.4 35x35 20 .7 l.4 7 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 1386 12 .4 2. 5xl . 0 22 .0 0.9 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 884 4.7 35x35 2l .0 l.3 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1387 12 .1 l. OxO . 9 20 .6 l.5 400 400 236 144 101 54 373 54 11 .4 335 86 NGC 891 12 .2 12 .0xl .0 23.5 0.3 360 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 1389 12 .8 l. Oxl . 8 22 .1 0.9 360 265 187 81 NGC 908 1l .1 4. Oxl . 3 2l . 5 l.1 277 243 148 104 68 60 81 NGC 1395 10 .2 5.0x2 .0 2l. 3 l.2 180 57 41 81 1.1805 9. 60x60 26 .5 -0.9 u7 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 1399 10 .9 l.4xl .4 20 .3 l.6 257 206 126 61 55 81 NGC 925 12 .0 9.4x9 .4 25 .5 -0.5 u9 u14 20 27 41 81 NGC 1398 10 .7 4.5x3 .8 22 .4 0.7 52 23 20 27 41 54 NGC 936 11.3 3.0x2 .0 2l. 9 l.0 180 93 57 44 41 81 NGC 1404 11 .5 l. Oxl . 0 20 .1 l.6 360 360 265 187 114 87 54 54 54 93 44 88 114 87 54 81 81 NGC 941 12 .9 l. 9xl . 3 22 .5 0.7 243 148 104 68 60 81 NGC 1400 12 .4 0.7xO .7 20 .3 l.6 514 514 412 251 177 122 NGC 972 12 .3 2.7x1 .0 22 .0 0.9 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 1407 11 .4 0.8xO .8 19 .5 l.9 450 450 436 306 187 131 101 For . Sys 65x65 26 .7 -l. 0 u7 u14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1427 12 .4 l. 4xl . 0 2l .4 l.1 360 265 187 114 87 81 9. NGC 1023 1l . 0 4. 5xl . 3 2l . 5 l.1 277 243 148 104 68 60 81 NGC 1433 11 .4 7.0x6 .0 24 .1 0.1 19 14 20 27 41 NGC 1049 13 . 0.4xO .4 19 .6 l.8 900 900 900 871 613 1.342 12 .0 15x15 26 .5 -0.9 u7 u14 u20 u2 7 u41 NGC 1039 6. 20x20 2l.1 1.2 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1437 12 .9 2. Oxl . 5 373 22 .7 54 0.6 177 108 76 55 54 NGC 1055 12 .0 5. Oxl . 0 22 .4 0.7 360 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 1435 6.8 15x20 2l. 6 l.1 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1068 10 .0 2.5x1 .7 20 .2 l.6 212 134 82 46 81 M45 l.4 100x100 20 .0 l.7 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1073 12 .0 4.0x4 .0 23 .6 0.2 22 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1491 3x3 47 57 54 NGC 1084 11 .1 2.1x1 .0 20 .5 l.5 360 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 1499 6. 145x40 24 .0 0.1 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1087 11.2 2.3x2 .3 2l . 6 l.0 157 69 42 36 41 NGC 1090 12 .8 4. Oxl . 5 23 .4 0.4 177 108 76 55 54 81 NGC 1502 NGC 1097 10 .6 9.0x5 .5 23 .5 0.3 23 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 1514 54 54 81 NGC 1501 12 . 0.9xO .8 20 .3 l.6 450 450 436 7. 11 . 306 Bx8 20 .1 l.6 11 14 20 27 41 2.0x2 .0 2l.1 l.2 180 93 57 44 81 54 81 81 187 131 101 NGC 1156 12 .5 2.0x1 .5 22 .3 0.8 177 108 76 55 54 81 NGC 1513 9. 12x12 23 .0 0.5 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1187 11.3 5.5x4 .0 23 .3 0.4 47 22 20 41 54 81 NGC 1531 13 .0 0.5xO .3 19 .6 l.9 - 1200 1200 1200 1200 1162 708 27 41 54 81 54 81 NGC 1232 10 .7 7.0x6 .0 23 .4 0.3 19 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1532 1l . 8 5. Oxl . 0 22 .2 0.8 360 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 1261 12 .5 2 . 4xl . 0 22 .1 0.9 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 1528 6. 25x2 5 2l. 6 l.1 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1245 9. 20x20 24 .1 0.0 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 1535 0.3xO .3 15 .0 3.7 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1162 708 NGC 129l 10 .2 5.0x2 .0 2l . 3 l.2 180 93 36 32 41 54 81 57 44 41 54 81 NGC 1549 1l . 0 2.8x2 .5 2l . 7 l.0 133 NGC 1300 1l . 3 6.0x3 .2 23 .1 0.4 77 33 25 27 41 54 81 NGC 1553 10 .2 3.1x2 .3 2l. 0 l.3 157 69 42 36 41 54 81 9. 57 NGC 1313 10 .8 5.0x3 .2 22 .4 0.7 77 33 25 27 41 54 81 NGC 1559 11 .1 3. Oxl . 5 2l.4 l.2 240 177 108 76 NGC 1316 10 .1 3.5x2 .5 2l .1 l.3 133 57 36 32 41 54 81 NGC 1566 10 .5 5.0x4 .0 22 .4 0.7 NGC 1317 12 .2 0.7xO .6 19 .9 l.7 600 600 600 581 354 249 152 1555 var 0.5xO .5 NGC 1326 1l . 8 3.0x2 .5 22 .6 0.7 133 36 32 41 54 81 1579 8x12 NGC 1341 13 .1 0.8xO .8 2l. 2 l.2 450 436 306 187 131 101 1624 3x3 57 NGC NGC NGC 47 22 20 27 55 41 54 54 81 81 324 325
--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MAGNIFICATIONS FOR DEEP-SKY OBJECTS -- Optimum Detection Magnification Optimum Detection Magnification size for a given telescope ap erture size for a given telescope ap erture ID v mag arc -min S.B. Cl 2 4 6 8 12 24 ID v mag arc -min S.B. 2 4 6 8 12 16 24 - - - - - - - -1 - - - - -1 - - - - - - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - - 1 - - - - 16 - Cl - - - - - - -1 - - - - -1 - - - - - - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - - NGC 1637 11 .4 2.7x2 .0 21 .9 1.0 180 93 57 44 41 54 81 NGC 1647 6.5 40x40 23 .1 0.4 7 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 2264 15x26 20 .1 l.7 7 14 20 41 NGC 1746 6. 45x45 22 .9 0.5 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2287 6. 30x30 22 .0 0.9 7 14 20 27 41 54 NGC 2261 10 . 2x2 20 .1 1.6 180 93 57 44 41 54 81 NGC 1792 10 .7 3. Oxl . 0 20 .5 l.5 360 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 281 6. 15x15 20 .5 l.5 7 14 20 27 NGC 1807 7.5 10x10 2l.1 l.2 8 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2323 10x10 19 .6 l.8 8 14 20 NGC 1817 8. 15x15 22 .5 0.7 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2346 10 . l. OxO . 9 18 .5 2.3 400 400 NGC 1832 12 .3 2.1xl .1 2l. 8 l.0 327 215 151 92 76 81 NGC 2276 12 .4 2.5x2 .0 22 .8 0.6 NGC 1851 7. 5x5 19 .1 2.1 29 16 20 27 NGC 2359 10x5 41 54 81 1.405 10 . 18x30 25,5 -0.5 u7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2360 9. 10x10 22 .6 0.6 8 14 20 NGC 1857 7. 9x9 20 .4 1.5 9 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2300 12 .2 1. Oxl . 7 2l .4 l.1 360 360 1.4 10 9. 20x20 24 .1 0.0 7 14 20 27 41 NGC 1893 8. 12x12 22 .0 0.9 7 14 20 41 LMC 1.0 360x360 22 .4 0.7 7 14 20 27 41 54 NGC 1904 8.4 7.5x7 .5 21.4 1.1 12 14 20 27 41 NGC 1912 6.2 20x20 21 . 3 1.2 7 14 20 27 41 NGC 1964 11. 8 5. Ox1 . 6 22 .7 0.6 225 153 93 27 54 54 66 50 54 5. 6. 93 335 27 41 27 41 54 54 54 54 81 81 81 81 236 144 101 86 57 44 41 54 81 265 27 41 187 114 54 81 87 81 81 NGC 2362 4. 6x6 16 .5 3.1 19 14 20 27 54 81 NGC 2383 11 . 2x2 21 .1 1.2 180 93 41 54 NGC 2366 12 .6 6.0x3 .0 24 .4 0.0 38 28 27 41 54 81 81 54 81 54 81 81 NGC 2392 8.3 0.7xO .7 16 .2 3.2 514 514 514 NGC 2403 8.8 16x10 22 .9 0.5 8 14 57 44 20 412 41 27 41 81 81 251 177 122 NGC 2421 10 . 8x8 23 .1 0.4 11 14 20 27 41 54 NGC 1952 9. 5x3 20.6 1.5 89 38 28 27 41 54 81 NGC 2422 20x20 20 .1 l.6 7 14 20 27 41 54 NGC 1960 6.3 12x12 20 .3 1.6 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2419 11 .5 2x2 21. 6 1.0 180 93 44 41 81 NGC 1976 4. 65x65 21. 7 1.0 7 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 2437 8. 25x25 23 .6 0.3 7 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 1977 7. 40x25 23 .1 0.4 7 14 20 27 41 NGC 2438 1.1x1 .1 19 .8 l.8 327 327 215 151 92 76 81 54 54 81 5. 11 . 57 54 81 54 54 81 81 NGC 1982 8. 7x5 20 .5 1.5 29 16 20 27 41 NGC 1999 9. 2x2 19 .1 2.0 180 93 44 41 57 54 81 54 NGC 2447 81 NGC 2477 7. 7. 18x18 21. 9 0.9 7 14 20 27 41 54 25x25 22 .6 0.7 7 14 20 27 41 54 B33 6x4 NGC 2516 6. 60x60 23 .5 0.3 7 14 20 27 41 54 1.4 34 60x12 NGC 2547 15x15 20 .0 1.7 7 14 27 41 NGC 2023 10x10 NGC 2523 12 .7 l. 8xl . 4 22 .3 0.8 206 126 88 61 55 5.5 20 54 81 81 81 81 81 NGC 2024 20x20 NGC 2546 8. 25x25 23 .6 0.3 7 14 20 27 41 54 NGC 2070 -5 . 20x20 -20 .1 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2548 40x40 22 .1 0.8 7 14 20 27 41 54 NGC 2068 8. 8x6 20.8 1.4 19 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2613 10 .9 6. 4x1 . 5 22 .0 0.9 240 177 108 76 55 54 1.7 NGC 2071 4x3 NGC 2627 9. 8x8 22 .1 0.8 11 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2099 6.2 20x20 2l. 3 1.2 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC .2 6 23 14 .0 2.0xO .4 22 .4 0.7 900 871 373 Barn . Loop 6.0 840x60 26 .4 -0.9 u7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2632 5.5 4.5 900 80x80 22 .6 0.6 7 14 20 NGC 2129 7. 5x5 19 .1 2.1 29 16 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2659 9.5 10x10 23 .1 0.4 8 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 2158 11 . 4x4 22.6 0.6 47 22 20 27 41 54 81 H3 6. 7x7 18 .9 2.2 14 14 20 27 41 81 NGC 2168 5.5 30x30 2l. 5 1.1 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 2682 15x15 21 . 5 l.1 7 14 20 41 54 81 NGC 2174 40x30 2683 10 .6 9. Ox1 . 3 2l. 9 0.9 277 243 148 68 60 NGC NGC 7. 27 27 104 41 613 81 81 81 54 81 54 81 1.443 50x40 NGC 2681 11 .3 2.8x2 .5 22 .0 0.9 133 57 36 32 41 54 81 NGC 2207 12 .3 2. 5x1 . 5 22 .4 0.8 177 108 76 55 54 81 2782 12 .4 l. 8xl . 6 22 .2 0.8 153 50 54 81 1.2165 12 .5 o . 13xO .13 16 .7 3.0 - 2769 2769 2769 2769 2769 2769 NGC 2818 11 . 9x9 24 .4 -0 .1 9 14 20 27 81 NGC 2237 9. 60x80 26.8 -1. 0 u7 u14 20 41 54 81 NGC 2841 10 .3 6.2x2 .0 2l. 7 l.0 180 NGC 2244 5.5 40x40 22 .1 0.8 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 20x20 22 .1 0.8 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 27 NGC 1.2488 7. 93 66 93 57 44 41 41 54 54 81 326 327
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK
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Published by Sky Publishing Corpora
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CONTENTS M78 (NGC 2068) NGC 207 1,
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PREFACE During research for this bo
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AB
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY TH
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.. .. .. .. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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e viewed with enough magnification
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lens and a piano-convex eye lens. A
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controlled depends on how many laye
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The Lumicon H-Beta Filter (Figure 3
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every 1 ° in declination and 4 min
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error of only one quarter the field
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Table 4.1. Ideal limiting magnitude
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5 Making drawings and keeping recor
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more detail in the future. They add
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.. .. .. ... Contrast (C) C Log(C)
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
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Page 45 and 46:
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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--- M76 (NGC 650-651), PLANETARY NE
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-- -- M45, THE PLEIADES OPEN CLUSTE
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-- Brightest stars of the Pleiades
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M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), THE
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--- --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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-- --- NGC 2023 NGC 2024, IC 434 (T
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--- --- M78 (NGC 2068), NGC 2071, D
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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--- M67 (NGC 2682), OPEN CLUSTER IN
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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--- -- M82 (NGC 3034), PECULIAR GAL
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-- --- --- MI05 (NGe 3379) NGe 3384
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MI09 (NGe 3992), GALAXY IN URSA MAJ
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-- --- M99 (NGC 4254), GALAXY IN CO
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== -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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--- --- -- NGC 4449, GALAXY IN CANE
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-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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--- -- M90 (NGC 4569), GALAXY IN VI
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--- -- M94 (NGC 4736), GALAXY IN CA
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Page 93 and 94:
-- VISUAL ASTRON0MY OF THE DEEP SKY
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-- --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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--- -- M83 (NGC 5236), GALAXY IN HY
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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---------------- 5 / --------______
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 115 and 116:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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Page 119 and 120: -- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 121 and 122: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 123 and 124: -- MI5 (NGC 7078), GLOBULAR CLUSTER
Page 127 and 128: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 131 and 132: -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 133 and 134: -- ·rl E I u L ro 5 +J Q) (f) 0 Y
Page 135 and 136: -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 137 and 138: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY NG
Page 139 and 140: '2 5 -rl E I U L CO '---' -t-J ill
Page 141 and 142: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AP
Page 145 and 146: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 149 and 150: -- Appendix E A catalog of deep-sky
Page 151 and 152: --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 153 and 154: -- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 155 and 156: --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 165 and 166: -- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 167 and 168: -- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MA
Page 169: ------- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 173 and 174: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 177 and 178: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 183 and 184: G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 185 and 186: INDEX INDEX M70 (NGC 6681), 312, 31
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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