OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MAGNIFICATIONS FOR DEEP-SKY OBJECTS -- Optimum Detection Magnification size for a given telescope aperture ID v mag arc -min S.B. Cl 2 4 6 8 12 16 - - - - - - - -1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - - 1 - - - - NGC 4594 8.2 7. Ox1 . 5 19 .4 1.9 240 17 7 108 76 55 NGC 4605 10 .9 4.0x1 . 2 21 . 2 1.2 300 290 177 124 76 67 81 NGC 4618 ll.2 3.Ox2 .5 22.0 0.9 133 57 36 32 41 54 81 NGC 4621 11. 0 2.0x1 .5 20 .8 1.4 240 177 108 76 55 54 81 NGC 4631 9.7 12 . 5x1 . 2 21 . 3 1.2 300 290 177 124 76 67 81 NGC 4638 12 .2 1.lxO .5 20 .2 1.6 no no no no 531 NGC 4636 11 .0 7.0x2 .0 22 .5 0.7 180 93 57 44 41 54 81 NGC 4639 12 .2 2. Ox1 . 3 21 . 9 1.0 277 243 148 104 68 60 81 NGC 4643 ll .6 1. 7xO . 8 20 .6 1.5 450 450 436 306 187 131 101 NGC 4647 12 .0 2. 3x1 . 8 22.2 0.8 200 ll8 n 51 43 54 81 NGC 4649 10 .0 3.Ox2 .5 20 .8 1.4 133 57 36 32 41 NGC 4651 ll .4 3.Ox2 .5 22.2 0.8 133 57 36 32 41 NGC 4654 ll.2 4.5x2 .5 22 .5 0.7 133 57 36 32 41 NGC 4656 11 .0 19 .5x2 .0 23.6 0.3 180 93 57 54 373 54 54 54 24 81 227 Optimum Detection Magnification size for a given telescope ap erture ID v mag arc -min S.B. Cl 2 4 6 8 12 16 - - - - - - - -1 - - - - -1 - - - - - - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - - NGC 4889 13 .2 1.0xO .6 21.3 1.2 - 600 600 581 354 249 152 NGC 4902 ll .6 2.0x2 .0 21. 7 1.0 180 93 57 44 41 81 NGC 4945 NGC_ 5005 10 .8 4. 7x1 . 6 21. 6 1.1 225 153 93 66 50 54 81 NGC 5024 8. 10x10 21. 6 1.0 8 14 20 27 41 NGC 5033 11 .0 8.0x4 .0 23 .4 0.3 47 54 54 24 81 22 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 5055 9.8 9.0x4 .0 22 .3 0.8 47 22 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 5053 10 .5 8x8 23 .6 0.2 II 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 5102 10 .8 6.0x2 .5 22 .4 0.8 133 57 36 32 41 54 81 NGC 5128 7.2 10x8 20 .6 1.5 II 14 20 27 41 54 81 81 NGC 5139 3.6 30x30 19 .6 1.9 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 81 NGC 5194 8.1 10 .0x5 .5 21 .1 1.3 23 14 20 27 41 54 81 81 NGC 5195 11 .0 2. Ox1 . 5 20 .8 1.4 240 177 108 76 44 41 54 81 NGC 5189 185x130 NGC 4660 12 .2 1. 3xO . 6 20.6 1.5 600 600 600 581 354 249 152 NGC 5236 8.0 10 .0x8 .0 21 .4 1.1 II 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 4666 ll .4 3.9xO .7 21.1 1.3 514 514 514 412 251 177 122 NGC 5248 11 . 0 3. 2x1 . 4 21 . 3 1.2 257 206 126 88 61 55 81 NGC 4668 13 .4 0.8xO .6 21. 2 1.2 600 600 581 354 249 152 NGC 5253 10 .8 4.0x1 . 5 21 .4 1.2 240 177 108 76 55 54 81 NGC 4689 ll .7 2.8x2 .0 22 .2 0.8 180 93 44 41 54 81 NGC 52n 6. 18x18 20 .9 1.3 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 4697 10 .5 2.5x1 .3 20 .4 1.5 277 243 148 104 68 60 81 NGC 5322 ll .3 1. 4x1 . 0 20 .3 1.6 360 360 265 187 ll4 87 81 57 NGC 4699 10 .3 3.Ox2 .0 20 .9 1.4 180 93 57 44 41 54 81 NGC 5350 11 .4 3.2x1 .4 21. 7 1.0 257 206 126 88 61 55 81 NGC 4710 12 .0 3.4xO .5 21. 2 1.2 no . no no no 531 373 227 NGC 5353 12 .3 1.lxO .4 20 .0 1.7 900 900 900 871 613 373 NGC 4n5 10 .5 7.5x4 .8 23 .0 0.5 31 17 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 5354 13 .0 0.9xO .7 21.1 1.2 514 514 412 251 177 122 NGC 4736 8.9 5.0x3 .5 20.6 1.4 63 27 22 27 41 54 81 NGC 5363 ll .l 1. 7x1 . 5 20 .7 1.4 240 177 108 76 55 54 81 NGC 4742 12 .0 1.0xO .6 20 .1 1.7 600 600 600 581 354 249 152 NGC 5371 ll .5 3.7x3 .0 22 .7 0.6 · 89 38 28 27 41 81 NGC 4747 12 .8 3.OxO .5 21 . 9 1.0 no no no 531 373 227 NGC 5364 11 . 5 5.0x4 .0 23 .4 0.3 22 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 4754 11. 8 2. 5x1 . 0 21.4 1.1 360 360 265 187 ll4 87 81 NGC 5377 12 .0 3.0xO .6 21. 3 1.2 600 600 600 581 354 249 152 NGC 4753 10 .6 2.8x2 .0 21 .1 1.3 180 93 57 44 41 54 81 NGC 5367 10 . 1. 3x1 . 0 18 .9 2.1 360 360 265 187 ll4 87 81 NGC 5383 12 .7 2.2x2 .0 22 .9 0.5 93 41 54 81 Coa1sack 400x300 NGC 4762 ll .5 3.7xO .4 20 .6 1.5 900 900 900 900 871 613 373 NGC 5394 13 .5 0.5xO .5 20 .6 1.5 no no no 531 373 227 NGC 4760 12 .5 0.6xO .5 19 .8 1.8 no no no 531 373 227 NGC 5395 12 .7 2 . 1x1 . 0 22 .1 0.8 360 265 187 ll4 87 81 NGC 4755 4.2 10x10 17 .8 2.6 8 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 5426 12 .7 1. 5x1.1 21 . 9 1.0 327 215 151 92 76 81 NGC 4781 ll .7 2.6x1 .1 21 . 5 1.1 327 327 215 151 92 76 81 NGC 5427 12 .0 2. Ox1 . 7 22 .0 0.9 212 134 82 57 46 54 81 NGC 4782 12 .9 0.5xO .5 20.0 1.7 no no no 531 373 227 NGC 5457 9.0 22x20 24 .2 0.0 7 14 20 41 81 NGC 4783 12 .9 0.5xO .5 20 .0 1.7 no no no 531 373 227 NGC 5466 9.0 5x5 21 .1 1.3 29 16 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 4790 12 .5 1. 4x1 . 0 21. 5 1.1 360 265 187 ll4 87 81 NGC 5474 ll .5 4.0x3 .0 22 .8 0.6 89 38 28 27 41 54 81 NGC 4826 8.6 7.5x3 .5 20 .8 1.4 63 27 22 27 41 54 81 NGC 5585 11 . 6 4.5x2 .3 22 .8 0.6 157 69 42 36 41 54 81 NGC 4845 12.6 4.0xO .8 22 .5 0.7 450 436 306 187 131 101 NGC 5614 12 .9 2.1xO .8 22 .1 0.9 450 436 306 187 131 101 NGC 4833 8.5 6x6 21 . 0 1.3 19 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 5617 8. 15x15 22 .5 0.7 7 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 4856 ll .4 2.5xO .7 20 .6 1.4 514 514 514 412 251 177 122 NGC 5643 ll .4 2.5x2 .3 21 . 9 0.9 157 69 42 36 41 54 81 47 57 44 NGC 4874 13 .5 1. Ox1 . 0 22 .1 0.8 360 265 187 ll4 87 81 NGC 5740 12 .6 2. 5x1 . 5 22 .7 0.6 177 108 76 27 55 55 54 81 54 54 54 81 332 333
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MAGNIFICATIONS FOR DEEP-SKY OBJECTS - Op t imum Detection Magnification size for a given telescope aperture ID v mag arc-min S.B. Cl 2 4 6 8 12 16 24 - - - - - - -1 - - - - - - - -1 - - - -1 - - - - -1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -1 - - -1 - - -1 - - - - -1 - - -1 - -1 - -1 - NGC 5746 11 .7 6.5xO .8 22 .1 0.9 450 450 436 306 187 131 101 NGC 5824 9.5 3x3 20 .5 1.5 89 38 28 27 41 54 81 NGC 5823 11 . 9x9 24 .4 -0 .1 9 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 5846 11 .5 1.0x1 .0 20 .1 1.6 360 360 265 187 114 87 81 NGC 5850 12 .0 2.6x2 .1 22 .5 0.7 171 84 51 41 41 54 81 size Optimum Detection Magnification for a given telescope ap erture ID v mag arc - min S.B. Cl 2 4 6 8 12 16 24 --------1-----1 ---------1----1----1----1 ----1 ----1----1----1----1 ---- NGC 6302 2x1 NGC 6318 11 . 5x5 23 .1 0.5 29 16 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 6341 6.5 8x8 19 .6 1.8 11 14 20 27 41 54 81 NGC_ 6333 8. 4x4 19 .6 1.8 47 22 20 27 41 54 81 NGC 6334 30x30 NGC NGC NGC NGC NGC 5866 5905 5897 5907 5908 11 .1 13 .1 9. 1l .0 13 .0 2. 9xl . 0 4.4x3 .2 8.5x8 .5 1l .0xO .6 2.4xO .4 20 .9 24 .6 22 .3 21.7 2l . 6 l.3 -0.1 0.8 l.0 l.1 360 10 600 360 33 14 600 900 265 25 20 600 900 187 27 27 581 900 114 41 41 354 871 87 54 54 249 613 81 81 8 1 152 373 NGC 6337 B72 NGC 6357 NGC 6352 NGC 6362 9. 8. 0.6xO .5 30x30 4x1 8x8 9x9 22 .1 2l .4 0.8 l.1 11 9 14 14 20 20 27 27 41 41 54 54 81 81 NGC NGC NGC NGC SP1 5904 5962 5985 5986 6.2 11 .9 12 .0 8. 8.5 13x13 2. 2xl . 3 4.3x2 .1 5x5 l. 2xl . 2 20 .4 2l . 7 23 .0 20 .1 17 .5 l.5 l.0 0.5 l.7 2.7 7 277 171 29 300 14 243 84 16 290 20 148 51 20 177 27 104 41 27 124 41 68 41 41 76 54 60 54 54 67 81 81 81 81 81 NGC 6384 B78 NGC 6388 NGC 6402 NGC 6397 12 .3 7. 9. 7. 4.0x3 .0 200x140 4x4 6x6 19x19 23 .6 18 .6 2l . 5 22 .0 0.2 2.2 l.1 0.9 47 19 7 38 22 14 14 28 20 20 20 27 27 27 27 41 41 41 41 54 54 54 54 81 81 81 81 NGC NGC NGC NGC NGC 6027 6025 6067 6093 6101 14 . 6. 8. 8. 10 . l. 7xl . 3 10x10 15x15 7x7 4x4 23.5 19 .6 22 .5 20 .9 2l. 6 0.3 l.8 0.7 l.4 l.0 8 7 14 47 14 14 14 22 148 20 20 20 20 104 27 27 27 27 68 41 41 41 41 60 54 54 54 54 81 81 81 81 81 NGC 6405 NGC 6441 NGC 6475 NGC 6494 NGC 6543 6. 8. 5. 7. 8.6 25x25 3x3 60x60 25x25 0.4xO .3 2l . 6 19 .0 22 .5 22 .6 14 .9 l.1 2.1 0.7 0.7 3.7 7 89 7 7 1200 14 38 14 14 1200 20 28 20 20 1200 27 27 27 27 1200 41 41 41 41 1200 54 54 54 54 1162 81 81 81 81 708 NGC 612l NGC 6124 NGC 6152 NGC 6144 NGC 6171 7.4 8. 8. 10 . 8.1 20x20 25x25 30x30 3x3 3x3 22 .5 23 .6 24 .0 2l .0 19 .1 0.7 0.3 0.1 l.3 2.1 7 7 7 89 89 14 14 14 38 38 20 20 20 28 28 27 27 27 27 27 41 41 41 41 41 54 54 54 54 54 81 81 81 81 81 NGC 6514 B86 NGC 6520 B87 NGC 6523 8.5 9. 5. 29x27 4.5x3 5x5 12x12 80x40 24 .4 0.0 2l .1 l.3 22 .4 0.7 7 29 7 14 16 14 20 20 20 27 27 27 41 41 41 54 54 54 81 81 81 NGC 6153 NGC 6188 NGC 6192 NGC 6193 NGC 6205 11 .5 0.33xO.33 17 .7 20x12 10 . 5.2 5.7 7x7 15x15 23x23 22 .9 19 .7 2l .1 2.6 1091 1091 1091 1091 1091 0.6 14 14 20 1.8 7 14 20 1.2 7 14 20 27 41 27 41 27 41 940 573 54 81 54 81 54 81 NGC 6530 6. NGC 6531 7. NGC 6569 10 . B92 NGC 6584 8.5 10x10 10x10 2x2 15x15 6x6 19 .6 l.8 8 20 .6 l.4 8 20 .1 l. 6 180 2l.0 l.3 19 14 14 93 14 20 20 57 20 27 27 44 27 41 41 41 41 54 54 54 54 81 81 81 81 NGC NGC NGC NGC NGC 6207 6210 6218 6229 6231 12 .3 9.7 8. 8.7 6. 2. Oxl . 0 0.33xO.27 10x10 3.5x3 .5 15x15 2l. 7 15 .7 2l . 6 20 .0 20 .5 l.0 3.4 l.0 l.7 l.5 1333 8 63 7 360 1333 14 27 14 265 1333 20 22 20 187 1333 27 27 27 114 1333 41 41 41 87 1333 54 54 54 81 895 81 81 81 M24 NGC 6603 NGC 6611 NGC 6613 NGC 6618 4.5 11 .4 6.5 8. 6. 60x90 4x4 25x25 7x7 45x35 22 .5 23 .0 22 .1 20 .9 22 .6 0.7 0.5 0.9 l.4 0.7 7 47 7 14 7 14 22 14 14 14 20 20 20 20 20 27 27 27 27 27 41 41 41 41 41 54 54 54 54 54 81 81 81 81 81 H12 NGC NGC NGC NGC 6254 6259 6266 6273 7. 10 . 6.5 7. 40x40 8x8 15x15 6x6 6x6 20 .1 24 .5 19 .0 19 .5 l.6 -0.1 2.1 l.9 11 7 19 19 14 14 14 14 20 20 20 20 27 27 27 27 41 41 41 41 54 54 54 54 81 81 81 81 NGC 6624 NGC 6643 NGC 6626 NGC 6629 NGC 6638 8.5 12 .0 8. 10 .5 9.5 3x3 3. Oxl . 3 6x6 0.25xO .25 2x2 19 .5 22 .1 20 .5 16 .1 19 .6 l.9 0.9 l.5 3.3 l.8 89 277 19 1440 180 38 243 14 1440 93 28 148 20 1440 57 27 104 27 1440 44 41 68 41 1440 41 54 60 54 1440 54 81 81 81 1061 81 334 335
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK
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Published by Sky Publishing Corpora
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CONTENTS M78 (NGC 2068) NGC 207 1,
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PREFACE During research for this bo
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AB
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY TH
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.. .. .. .. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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e viewed with enough magnification
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lens and a piano-convex eye lens. A
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controlled depends on how many laye
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The Lumicon H-Beta Filter (Figure 3
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every 1 ° in declination and 4 min
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error of only one quarter the field
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Table 4.1. Ideal limiting magnitude
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5 Making drawings and keeping recor
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more detail in the future. They add
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.. .. .. ... Contrast (C) C Log(C)
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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--- M76 (NGC 650-651), PLANETARY NE
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-- -- M45, THE PLEIADES OPEN CLUSTE
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-- Brightest stars of the Pleiades
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M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), THE
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--- --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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-- --- NGC 2023 NGC 2024, IC 434 (T
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--- --- M78 (NGC 2068), NGC 2071, D
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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--- M67 (NGC 2682), OPEN CLUSTER IN
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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--- -- M82 (NGC 3034), PECULIAR GAL
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-- --- --- MI05 (NGe 3379) NGe 3384
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MI09 (NGe 3992), GALAXY IN URSA MAJ
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-- --- M99 (NGC 4254), GALAXY IN CO
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== -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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--- --- -- NGC 4449, GALAXY IN CANE
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-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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--- -- M90 (NGC 4569), GALAXY IN VI
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--- -- M94 (NGC 4736), GALAXY IN CA
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-- VISUAL ASTRON0MY OF THE DEEP SKY
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-- --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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--- -- M83 (NGC 5236), GALAXY IN HY
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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---------------- 5 / --------______
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124: -- MI5 (NGC 7078), GLOBULAR CLUSTER
Page 125 and 126: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 127 and 128: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 129 and 130: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 131 and 132: -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 133 and 134: -- ·rl E I u L ro 5 +J Q) (f) 0 Y
Page 135 and 136: -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 137 and 138: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY NG
Page 139 and 140: '2 5 -rl E I U L CO '---' -t-J ill
Page 141 and 142: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AP
Page 145 and 146: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 149 and 150: -- Appendix E A catalog of deep-sky
Page 151 and 152: --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 153 and 154: -- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 155 and 156: --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 165 and 166: -- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 167 and 168: -- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MA
Page 169 and 170: ------- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 171 and 172: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 173: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 177 and 178: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 183 and 184: G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 185 and 186: INDEX INDEX M70 (NGC 6681), 312, 31
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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