OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Table F.5 (cont. ) APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MAGNIFICATIONS FOR DEEP-SKY OBJECTS TELEDOM examples 15 x = (sb-sbx(i» / (sbx( i+l ) -sbx (i» * 1 (opv(i+l ) -opv(i» + opv(i) go to 500 c c sb less than beginning of table c 100 x = opv( l) go to 500 c c sb greater than last in table c 200 x = (sb-sbx(17» / (sbx(18)-sbx(17» * 1 (opv( 18)-opv( 17» + opv(17) c c compute opvang from x c 500 if (x.gt.37.0) x=37 .0 if (x.lt. - 37 .0) x= - 37 .0 c*debug c*debugSOS c*debug c*debug wr ite (6,505) i,sb, sbx(i), sbx(i+l), opv(i), opv(i+l ), x format (lx, 1 sb sbx(i) sbx (i+l ) opv(i) opv(i+l ) x', 2 /, lx, i2, 6(£7.3, lx) , /, lx, 72( lh - » opvang = 10 .0 ** x c c limit opvang to 360.0 arc-minutes . c if (opvang .gt. 360 .0) opvang 360.0 Each example shows the user input in bold . Example 1: NGC 134: ***** Program Teleodm : Telescope Optimum Detection Magnification ***** Enter the telescope aperture in inches 8. Enter the total magnitude of the object 11.4 Enter the minimum and maximum sizes of the object in arc - minutes 5. ,1. Telescope aperture : 8.0 inches Minimum usable magnification: 27x Faintest star : 15.2 Object size : 5.00 by 1.00 arc minutes surface brightness (magnitudes / sq . arc- sec. ): object with no telescope: 21.8 reduction due to ODM: 4.6 object in telescope at ODM : 26.2 background in telescope at ODM : 28 .8 ODM : 187x return end Log object contrast: 1.0 Log threshold contrast : .6 The object is detectable 348 349
G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY TELEDOM examples (cont. ) Example 2: Sculptor System : ***** T 1 d T 1 scope Optimum Detection Magnificaion ***** Program e eo m: e e Bibliography Enter the telescope aperture in inches 8. Enter the total magnitude of the object er the minimum and maximum sizes of the object in arc-minutes 60 ,60 Telescope aperture : 8.0 inches Minimum usable magnification: Faintest star : 15.2 27x Ob ject size : 60. 00 by 60.00 arc minutes surface brightness (magnitudes / sq . arc-sec .). . ODM : object with no telescope : 26.3 reduction due to ODM : .4 object in telescope at ODM : 24.5 background in telescope at ODM : 24.6 27x Log object cont ras t: -.8 Log threshold contrast : -1 .2 The object is detectable ***** Program Teleodm : Telescope Optimum Detection Magnification ***** Enter the telescope aperture in inches AstronomicaL ALmanac. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Bartley, S. H. (195 1). The Psychophysiology of Vision. In Handbook of Experimental Psychology (S.S. Stevens, Ed.) Wiley, New York, 92 1- 984. B1ackwell, H. R. (1946) . Contrast Thresholds of the Human EyeI Opt Soc Amer. 36 624-643. Bowen, K. P. (1984) . Vision and the Amateur Astronomer. Sky & Telscope April, 321 -324. Crossier, W. J. and A. H. Holway (1939). Theory and Measurement of Visual Mechanisms I. A Visual Discriminometer. II. Threshold Stimulus Intensity and Retinal Position. I Gen. Physiol., 22, 341-364. Curtis, H. D. (1901). On the Limits of Averted Vision. Lick Obs Bull 2 67-69. Di Cicco, D. (1979) . Filters to Pierce the Nightime Veil. Sky & Telescope. March, 231-236. Ferris, T. (1982). Galaxies. Stewart, Tabori and Chang, New York. Graham, C. H., N. R. Bartlett, J. L. Brown, Y. Hsia. C. G. Mueller and L. A. Riggs. (1965). Vision and Visual Perception. Wiley, New York. De Groot, S. G., J. M. Dodge and J. A. Smith. (1952). Factors in Night Vision Sensitivity: the Effect of Brightness. MRL Rep. 194, 11, 1-17. Hecht, S., C. Haig and G. Wald (1935) . The Dark Adaptation of Retinal Fields of Different Size and Location. I Gen. Physiol., 19, 321- 339. Hirshfield, A. and R. W. Sinnott (1985) . Sky Catalog 2000.0, Vo lume 2, Double Stars, Va riable Stats and Nonstellar Objects. Sky Publishing Corp., Cambridge, Mass., and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 385pp. Hoag, A. A., H. L. Johnson, B. Iriarte, R. J. Mitchell, K. L. Hallam and S. Sharpless (196 1). Photometry of Stars in Galactic Cluster Fields, Pub. US Naval Obs, Second Series, 17 349-542. Kingslake, R. (1965). Applied OP tics and Op tical Engineering, Volume 1. Light: Its Generation and Modification, Academic Press, New York and London. Mallas, J. H. and Kreimer, E. (1978) The Messier Album, Sky Publishing Corp., Cambridge, Mass., 216 pp. Middleton, W. E. K. (1958) . Vision Through The Atmosphere. Univ. of Toronto Press, Toronto. O'Dell, C. R. (1965) . Photoelectric Spectrophotometry of Gaseous Nebulae II. The Reflection Nebulae Around Merope. Astrophy. I 142 604-608. Roach, F. E. and Jamnick, P. M. (1958). The Sky and the Eye. Sky & Telescope. February, 164- 167. Schweizer, F. (1976) . Photometric Studies of Spiral Structure. I. The Disks and Arms of Six Sb and Sc Galaxies. Astrophy. I Suppl. 31, 313-332. Sinnott, R. W. (1984) . Taming Our Chaotic Calendar. Sky & Telescope, May, 454-455. Stoltzmann, D. E. (1983). Resolution Criteria for Diffraction Limited Telescopes. Sky & Telescope, February, 176- 181. 350 35 1
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK
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Published by Sky Publishing Corpora
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CONTENTS M78 (NGC 2068) NGC 207 1,
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PREFACE During research for this bo
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AB
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY TH
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.. .. .. .. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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e viewed with enough magnification
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lens and a piano-convex eye lens. A
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controlled depends on how many laye
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The Lumicon H-Beta Filter (Figure 3
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every 1 ° in declination and 4 min
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error of only one quarter the field
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Table 4.1. Ideal limiting magnitude
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5 Making drawings and keeping recor
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more detail in the future. They add
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.. .. .. ... Contrast (C) C Log(C)
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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--- M76 (NGC 650-651), PLANETARY NE
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-- -- M45, THE PLEIADES OPEN CLUSTE
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-- Brightest stars of the Pleiades
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M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), THE
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--- --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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-- --- NGC 2023 NGC 2024, IC 434 (T
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--- --- M78 (NGC 2068), NGC 2071, D
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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--- M67 (NGC 2682), OPEN CLUSTER IN
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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--- -- M82 (NGC 3034), PECULIAR GAL
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-- --- --- MI05 (NGe 3379) NGe 3384
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MI09 (NGe 3992), GALAXY IN URSA MAJ
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-- --- M99 (NGC 4254), GALAXY IN CO
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== -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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--- --- -- NGC 4449, GALAXY IN CANE
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-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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--- -- M90 (NGC 4569), GALAXY IN VI
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--- -- M94 (NGC 4736), GALAXY IN CA
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-- VISUAL ASTRON0MY OF THE DEEP SKY
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-- --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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--- -- M83 (NGC 5236), GALAXY IN HY
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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---------------- 5 / --------______
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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-- MI5 (NGC 7078), GLOBULAR CLUSTER
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Page 131 and 132: -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 133 and 134: -- ·rl E I u L ro 5 +J Q) (f) 0 Y
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Page 137 and 138: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY NG
Page 139 and 140: '2 5 -rl E I U L CO '---' -t-J ill
Page 141 and 142: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AP
Page 145 and 146: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 149 and 150: -- Appendix E A catalog of deep-sky
Page 151 and 152: --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 153 and 154: -- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 155 and 156: --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 165 and 166: -- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 167 and 168: -- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MA
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Page 171 and 172: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 173 and 174: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
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Page 181: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 185 and 186: INDEX INDEX M70 (NGC 6681), 312, 31
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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