OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Contents Photograph Credits IX 5. Making drawings and keeping records 54 Preface XI Introduction 54 Xlll Written descriptions 54 Drawings 55 Acknowledgements 1. About this book Drawing method I : the initial-blind method 57 2. The human eye 4 Drawing method 2: filling in details 57 Introduction 4 Drawing method 3: the double-blind Rods and cones 4 method 57 Units of brightness 4 Summary 57 Dark adaptation 6 Contrast discrimination 7 6. A case study: the Whirlpool Galaxy, Averted vision 12 Messier 51 . 59 Exposure time 14 Introduction 59 Color 15 Brightness profile of M5 l 59 Vision and health 16 Visual detection 59 Summary 17 Discussion and summary 60 3. The eye and the telescope 19 7. A visual atlas of deep-sky objects 64 Telescope basics 19 The personal equation 64 Aberrations 19 Averted vs. direct vision 65 Types of telescopes 20 The observations and drawings 65 The refractor 20 Definitions 67 The reflector 22 M3 1, The Andromeda Galaxy (N GC 224), Catadioptric telescopes 23 M32 (NGC 22 1), MIIO (NGC 205), Telescope mountings 23 Galaxies in Andromeda 68 Eyepieces 24 NGC 246, Planetary Nebula in Cetus 72 Field of view 28 NGC 253, Galaxy in Sculptor The role of a telescope's f/ratio 28 M33 (NGC 598), Galaxy in Triangulum The exit pupil 29 M74 (NGC 628), Galaxy in Pisces 80 Seeing and resolution 30 M76 (NGC 650--65 1), Planetary Nebula in Filters 31 Perseus 82 Using the telescope to find objects 38 NGC 891, Galaxy in Andromeda 83 Celestial cooordinates 38 M77 (NGC 1068), Seyfert Galaxy in Precession 40 Cetus 86 Finders 44 NGC 1365, Barred Spiral Galaxy in Miscellaneous topics 46 Fornax 87 Caring for optics 46 M45, the Pleiades Open Cluster in Dew 47 Taurus 90 Summary 48 MI (NGC 1952), the Crab Nebula: 4. The faintest star visible in a telescope Supernova Remnant in Taurus 95 49 M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), Introduction 49 the Great Nebula in Orion 98 Magnification 49 NGC 2023, NGC 2024, IC 434 (the Finding tonight ' s magnitude limit 50 Horsehead Nebula) Nebulae in Summary 53 Orion 106 74 77 VII
CONTENTS M78 (NGC 2068) NGC 207 1, Diffuse Nebulae in Orion 110 NGC 2261, Hubble's Variable Nebula in Monoceros 112 M46 (NGC 2437), NGC 2438, Open Cluster in Puppis with NGC 2438, a Planetary Nebula 115 M67 (NGC 2682), Open Cluster in Cancer 118 NGC 2903, Spiral Galaxy in Leo 120 M81 (NGC 303 1), Spiral Galaxy in Ursa Major 123 M82 (NGC 3034), Peculiar Galaxy in Ursa Major 126 M96 (NGC 3368), Galaxy in Leo 128 MI05 (NGC 3379), NGC 3384, NGC 3389, Galaxies in Leo 130 MI08 (NGC 3556), Galaxy in Ursa Major 132 M97 (NGC 3587), the Owl Nebula: Planetary Nebula in U rsa Major 133 M66 (NGC 3627), NGC 3628, M65 (NGC 3623), Galaxies in Leo 135 MI09 (NGC 3992), Galaxy in Ursa Major 138 NGC 4038, NGC 4039, the Ringtail Galaxy in Corvus 140 M99 (NGC 4254), Galaxy in Coma Berenices 142 MI06 (NGC 4258), Galaxy in Canes Venatici 143 MIOO (NGC 432 1), Galaxy in Coma Beremces 144 M84 (NGC 4373), M86 (NGC 4406), and 13 other galaxies in Virgo 146 NGC 4449, Galaxy in Canes Venatici 150 M87 (NGC 4486), NGC 4476, NGC 4478, Galaxies in Virgo 153 NGC 4565, Edge-on Galaxy in Coma Berenices 156 M90 (NGC 4569), Galaxy in Virgo 158 MI04 (NGC 4594), the Sombrero Galaxy in Virgo 160 M94 (NGC 4736), Galaxy in Canes Venatici 162 M64 (NGC 4826), the Black Eye Galaxy in Coma Berenices 164 M63 (NGC 5055), Galaxy in Canes Venatici 166 NGC 5128, Peculiar Galaxy in Centaurus 169 NGC 5139 (Omega Centauri), the Great Globular Cluster in Centaurus 172 M5 1 (NGC 5194), the Whirlpool Galaxy in Canes Venatici NGC 5195 176 M83 (NGC 5236), Galaxy In Hydra 182 M4 (NGC 6121), Globular Star Cluster in Scorpius 184 MI3 (NGC 6205), Globular Cluster in Hercules 186 M20 (NGC 65 14), the Trifid Nebula in Sagittarius 188 M8 (NGC 6523), the Lagoon Nebula in Sagittarius NGC 6530 192 MI6 (NGC 66 11), the Eagle Nebula in Serpens 197 MI7 (NGC 66 18), the Omega Nebula and Open Cluster in Sagittarius 20 1 Mll (NGC 6705), Open Cluster in Scutum 205 M57 (NGC 6720), the Ring Nebula in Lyra 208 M27 (NGC 6853), the Dumbbell Nebula in Vulpecula 210 NGC 6888, the Crescent Nebula in Cygnus 212 NGC 6946, Galaxy in Cepheus 214 NGC 6960 and NGC 6992-5, the Veil Nebula in Cygus 218 NGC 7000, the North America Nebula in Cygnus 227 MI5 (NGC 7078), Globular Cluster in Peg a- sus 230 M2 (NGC 7089), Globular Star Cluster in Aquarius NGC 7293, the Helix Nebula in Aquarius NGC 7331, Spiral Galaxy in Pegasus NGC 7662, Planetary Nebula in Andromeda Conclusions 232 235 239 242 244 Appendices A. Suggested reading Recommended books 245 Beginning: learning the sky 245 Star atlases 246 Handbooks and observing guides 247 B. Star clusters for finding your limiting magnitude 249 C. Air mass, atmospheric extinction, and other calculations Calculating zenith angle and air mass 268 Other useful computations 270 D. Symbols and their definitions 279 E. A catalog of deep-sky objects 283 F. Optimum detection magnifications for deep-sky objects How the computation is done 318 What the ODM means 320 The role of contrast 32 1 Bibliography 351 Index 352 Chapter 3: Figure 3.2b: J ohnny Horne Chapter 6: Figure 6.1 :Palomar Observatory Chapter 7: M31, M32, M 1\0: Palomar Observatory NGC 246:Jack B. Marling NGC 253: Palomar Observatory M33: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M74: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M76: Laird A. Thompson, Canada-France- Hawaii Telescope Corporation NGC 891: Mount Wilson and Las Campanas Observatoires, Carnegie Institure of Washington M77: Lick Observatories NGC 1365: Wayne C. Annala, Copyright University of Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy M45: Mount Wilson, and Las Campanas Observatories, Carnegie Institute of Washington MI: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album M42, M43: Mount Wilson and Las Campanas Observatories, Carnegie Institute of Washington Trapezium: Lick Observatories NGC 2023, NGC 2024, IC 434:James E. Gunn M78, NGC 2071: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album Photograph Credits NGC 2261: National Optical Astronomy Observatories NGC 2903: Palomar Observatory M81: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M82: Laird A. Thompson, Canada-France- Hawaii Telescope Corporation M96: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album M97: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album M66, NGC 3628, M65: Laird A. Thompson, France-Canada-Hawaii Telescope Corporation M109: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album NGC 4038, NGC 4039: Palomar Observatory M99: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album MI06: Palomar Observatory MIOO: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album M84, M86, 13 other galaxies: Akita Fujii NGC 4449: K.A. Brownlee, courtesy of Deep Sky Magazine M87, NGC 4476, NGC 4478: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album NGC 4565: Palomar Observatory M90: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album MI04: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M94: Palomar Observatory M64: Martin Germano M63: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album NGC 5128: David Malin, Anglo-Australian Telescope Board NGC 5139: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M51, NGC 5195: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M83: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album M4: Martin Germano M13: Palomar Observatory M20: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M8: National Optical Astronomy Observatories MI6: National Optical Astronomy Observatories MII: Ben Meyer M57: Laird A. Thompson, Canada-France- Hawaii Telescope Corporation M27: National Optical Astronomy Observatories NGC 6888: Martin Germano NGC 6946: National Optical Astronomy Observatories NGC 6960: Mount Wilson and Las Campanas Observatories, Carnegie Institute of Washington NGC 6992-5: Mount Wilson and Las Campanas Observatories, Carnegie Institute of Washington NGC 7000: Ron Pearson MI5: National Optical Astronomy Observatories M2: Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album NGC 7293: National Optical Astronomy Observatories NGC 7331: Palomar Observatory NGC 7662:Jack B. Marling VllI IX
Page 1 and 2: OF THE ROGER N. CLARK
Page 3: Published by Sky Publishing Corpora
Page 7 and 8: PREFACE During research for this bo
Page 9 and 10: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AB
Page 11 and 12: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY TH
Page 13 and 14: .. .. .. .. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
Page 17 and 18: e viewed with enough magnification
Page 21 and 22: lens and a piano-convex eye lens. A
Page 25 and 26: controlled depends on how many laye
Page 27 and 28: The Lumicon H-Beta Filter (Figure 3
Page 29 and 30: every 1 ° in declination and 4 min
Page 31 and 32: error of only one quarter the field
Page 33 and 34: Table 4.1. Ideal limiting magnitude
Page 35 and 36: 5 Making drawings and keeping recor
Page 37 and 38: more detail in the future. They add
Page 39 and 40: .. .. .. ... Contrast (C) C Log(C)
Page 41 and 42: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 47 and 48: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 49 and 50: --- M76 (NGC 650-651), PLANETARY NE
Page 53 and 54: -- -- M45, THE PLEIADES OPEN CLUSTE
Page 55 and 56:
-- Brightest stars of the Pleiades
Page 57 and 58:
M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), THE
Page 59 and 60:
--- --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
Page 61 and 62:
-- --- NGC 2023 NGC 2024, IC 434 (T
Page 63 and 64:
--- --- M78 (NGC 2068), NGC 2071, D
Page 65 and 66:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
Page 67 and 68:
--- M67 (NGC 2682), OPEN CLUSTER IN
Page 69 and 70:
-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 71 and 72:
--- -- M82 (NGC 3034), PECULIAR GAL
Page 73 and 74:
-- --- --- MI05 (NGe 3379) NGe 3384
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
MI09 (NGe 3992), GALAXY IN URSA MAJ
Page 79 and 80:
-- --- M99 (NGC 4254), GALAXY IN CO
Page 81 and 82:
== -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 83 and 84:
--- --- -- NGC 4449, GALAXY IN CANE
Page 85 and 86:
-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 87 and 88:
--- -- M90 (NGC 4569), GALAXY IN VI
Page 89 and 90:
--- -- M94 (NGC 4736), GALAXY IN CA
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
-- VISUAL ASTRON0MY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 95 and 96:
-- --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 97 and 98:
-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 99 and 100:
--- -- M83 (NGC 5236), GALAXY IN HY
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 109 and 110:
--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 111 and 112:
---------------- 5 / --------______
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
-- MI5 (NGC 7078), GLOBULAR CLUSTER
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
-- ·rl E I u L ro 5 +J Q) (f) 0 Y
Page 135 and 136:
-- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 137 and 138:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY NG
Page 139 and 140:
'2 5 -rl E I U L CO '---' -t-J ill
Page 141 and 142:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AP
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
-- Appendix E A catalog of deep-sky
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 155 and 156:
--- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
-- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MA
Page 169 and 170:
------- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 185 and 186:
INDEX INDEX M70 (NGC 6681), 312, 31
show all

OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?