OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A VISUAL ATLAS OF DEEP-SKY OBJECTS . . • : 41 ' . " , . , . '. . . . .. . . . . : " : --- 10' Photograph of M46 and NGC 2438. South is up . (Courtesy Evered Kreimer, The Messier Album.) Drawing of M46 and NGC 2438. Scale: 3.0 arc-min/cm 8-inch f! 1 1.5 Cassegrain 12.4mm Erfle (188x) 9mm Kellner (260x) Viewing Distance (cm) 10 X : liS 100 X : II 25X: 46 200x: 6 50 X: 23 300X: 4 air mass: 1.39, faintest star: 13.5 at zenith, 188 X, no tracking 1/13/83 8:45-9: 18 UT at Hawaii Kai, Hawaii; R. Clark 116 117
--- M67 (NGC 2682), OPEN CLUSTER IN CANCER R.A. OSh 51.0m, Dec. 1r 49' (2 000.0) Technical. This open star cluster is unusual in that it is one of the oldest known (estimates range from 3 to 10 billion years) and is very far from the plane of our Galaxy. Most open clusters, also known as galactic clusters, lie close to the galactic disk, whereas M67 lies approximately 1500 light-years above it. The cluster is about 2500 light-years distant and 12 light-years in diameter. It includes some 500 stars brighter than magnitude 16; the brightest is magnitude 10. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY The stellar population is unlike that of most open clusters, but rather similar to the very old globular clusters: The only other open cluster known to have a similar pattern is NGC 188, in Cepheus. The most evolved stars in M67 have only about half the luminosity of similar stars in globulars, however. This difference is attributed to chemical Com· position: the typical globular is made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, whereas M67 has a heavy-element ratio similar to our Sun. Visual. M67 has a . total vsua . 1 magnitude of 7 nd it is 15 arc-minutes In dIameter. When esolved in very small instruments such as inoculars, its mean surface brightness is 2\.5 magnitudes per square arc-second. The c l any faint stars not resolved in an 8-inch drawing shows an interesting visual effect of losely spaced stars. The cluster contains elescope: With averted vision, the eye can detect their light without resolving them. This gives an appearance of a faint background nebulsity. The rawng is . a . representation of thIs effect. WIth dIrect VISIOn the "nebulosity" vanishes. A VISUAL ATLAS OF DEEP-SKY OBJECTS ' .. • • • . . • • • • • .- • , .. • • 0 ... . , • . • 0 0 • • .. 0 • • • • • . • • • '. • • • • . .. ' o. . . • .- \ • 0 , - • . • • • • • •• • • • f • : • .. •• 0 • . • . ' • . • • . • • • '0 • • • .. • • • • • • • f • • • • • • • • • . " • • • • '. • • • • • 0 • 0 . ; • 0 • • • -- 5' --- Photograph of M67. South is up . (Courtesy Optical Astronomy Observatories') Scale: 1.2 arc-min/cm 8-inch f/ 11.5 Cassegrain 20mm Erfle (117 X) l 2 .4mm Erfle (188X) Drawing of M67. Viewing Distance (cm) 25X:115 200X:14 50x: 67 300x:lO lOOx: 29 400 X: 7 air mass: 1.05, faintest star: 14.0 at zenith, 188x, no tracking 1/16/83 10:30-10:45 UT at Barbers Point Hawaii' R. Clark ' , 118 119
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK
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Published by Sky Publishing Corpora
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CONTENTS M78 (NGC 2068) NGC 207 1,
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PREFACE During research for this bo
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AB
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY TH
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.. .. .. .. VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
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Page 17 and 18: e viewed with enough magnification
Page 21 and 22: lens and a piano-convex eye lens. A
Page 25 and 26: controlled depends on how many laye
Page 27 and 28: The Lumicon H-Beta Filter (Figure 3
Page 29 and 30: every 1 ° in declination and 4 min
Page 31 and 32: error of only one quarter the field
Page 33 and 34: Table 4.1. Ideal limiting magnitude
Page 35 and 36: 5 Making drawings and keeping recor
Page 37 and 38: more detail in the future. They add
Page 39 and 40: .. .. .. ... Contrast (C) C Log(C)
Page 41 and 42: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
Page 47 and 48: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 49 and 50: --- M76 (NGC 650-651), PLANETARY NE
Page 53 and 54: -- -- M45, THE PLEIADES OPEN CLUSTE
Page 55 and 56: -- Brightest stars of the Pleiades
Page 57 and 58: M42 (NGC 1976), M43 (NGC 1982), THE
Page 59 and 60: --- --- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE
Page 61 and 62: -- --- NGC 2023 NGC 2024, IC 434 (T
Page 63 and 64: --- --- M78 (NGC 2068), NGC 2071, D
Page 65: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
Page 69 and 70: -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 71 and 72: --- -- M82 (NGC 3034), PECULIAR GAL
Page 73 and 74: -- --- --- MI05 (NGe 3379) NGe 3384
Page 77 and 78: MI09 (NGe 3992), GALAXY IN URSA MAJ
Page 79 and 80: -- --- M99 (NGC 4254), GALAXY IN CO
Page 81 and 82: == -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 83 and 84: --- --- -- NGC 4449, GALAXY IN CANE
Page 85 and 86: -- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 87 and 88: --- -- M90 (NGC 4569), GALAXY IN VI
Page 89 and 90: --- -- M94 (NGC 4736), GALAXY IN CA
Page 93 and 94: -- VISUAL ASTRON0MY OF THE DEEP SKY
Page 95 and 96: -- --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
Page 97 and 98: -- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 99 and 100: --- -- M83 (NGC 5236), GALAXY IN HY
Page 107 and 108: --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
Page 109 and 110: --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 111 and 112: ---------------- 5 / --------______
Page 113 and 114: --- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
Page 115 and 116: VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY --
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY A
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-- MI5 (NGC 7078), GLOBULAR CLUSTER
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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-- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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-- ·rl E I u L ro 5 +J Q) (f) 0 Y
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-- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY NG
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'2 5 -rl E I U L CO '---' -t-J ill
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY AP
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY Ta
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-- Appendix E A catalog of deep-sky
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--- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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-- -- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE D
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--- --- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
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-- -- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP
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-- APPENDIX F: OPTIMUM DETECTION MA
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------- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEE
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--- VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SK
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
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VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY -
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G VISUAL ASTRONOMY OF THE DEEP SKY
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INDEX INDEX M70 (NGC 6681), 312, 31
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OF THE ROGER N. CLARK

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