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the Shakti Samuha 2008 study, 73% of respondents stated that they performed ‘additional duties’ due to force from the employer or the customer. 25 What is the difference between sex work and a ‘sex industry’ In the past, Nepal has had sex work. Today, it has a sex industry. Before, sex work was unorganised. Sex work took place on a smaller scale and was primarily conducted by sex workers individually, from streets and wine shops (bhatti pasals), hotels, guest houses and brothels. A small proportion of sex workers operated in collaboration with small brothel owners, pimps and independent traffickers. Today, the entertainment and sex industries in Nepal are rapidly becoming a complex and organised field of commerce, with a large infrastructure of cabin restaurants, dance bars and massage parlours. They generate large profits for numerous entrepreneurs (although like any industry, it has its ups and downs), and support multiple auxiliary businesses such as restaurants, liquor shops, guest houses and taxi drivers. Entertainment entrepreneurs associations have been established. The government and entrepreneurs associations are working to establish regulations and codes of conduct for the night entertainment sector (although the workers have not yet participated in this activity). However, legislation to protect entertainment workers and policies to guide and regulate the development of the industry are still lacking. Entertainment Industry Cinemas Bars Restaurants Casinos Theatres Dohoris Dance bars Dohoris Cabin rest. Guest houses Sex Industry Non- Institutional Sex Work Guest houses Guest houses Hotels Trekking agencies Hotel Industry Sexual Massage Health and Relaxation Industry Therapeutic massage Relaxation Hospitals Private clinics, etc. How many children are in the industry International law, as well as Nepal’s Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act 2007 places the age of a child as under the age of 18 years, although the Nepal Children’s Act 1992 places the age at below 16. A draft Child Rights Promotion and Protection) Act, 2064 (2007) defines a child as a person below 18 years of age although this piece of legislation is still in the legislative process at the time of this 2010 Terre des hommes www.tdh.ch 24
writing. Studies indicate that between 16% and 33% of females in the industry are under the age of 18. 26 A government report indicated that children as young as 12 years old were involved in the industry. 27 Local non-governmental organisations report having come across 11 year-old children involved in commercial sexual exploitation. Research also indicates that nearly one half enter the industry before they reach the age of 18. 28 Informal sources state that the average age of girls entering the entertainment industry is rapidly decreasing. Commercial sexual exploitation of children existed in the old sex industry as it does in the new industry. In 1998, in a survey of sex work and commercial sexual exploitation in 40 districts, it was found that nearly one third of those in commercial sexual exploitation were under the age of 18. 29 However the age average tends to decrease in Kathmandu valley. It has been observed that girls are coached to increase their age especially when police or social workers ask. “From my experience, since customers prefer young and pretty girls, the demand for them is increasing. As a result, the tendency to lure and deceive young girls by promising good jobs is on the rise. I have met with girls as young as 13 years of age working in this sector and feel sad about it”. Parbati Subedi, Psychosocial counsellor, Change Nepal How did the present industry arise Twenty years ago, there were no red light areas in urban areas (with the notable exception of a short-lived area outside the city of Nepalgunj, which was dissolved under public pressure in the late 1990s). At that time, there were no cabin restaurants or dance bars, and only a few massage parlours in the tourist areas, which provided genuine massage to weary foreign tourists. Nepal is one of the few countries in South Asia (along with only Bhutan and the Maldives) that has never had a fullfledged red light area. Sex work has long existed in the country, however. Sex workers were found on the streets, through connections in small hotels and drinking establishments, and at roadside stops along the transportation routes. 30 A few brothels, often offering gambling as well as access to sex, were found in many urban and semi-urban areas, although these brothels were exceedingly discreet and accessible to customers only through personal connections, pimps and other intermediaries such as taxi drivers. As well, until recently, Nepal has never had a great problem of internal trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation purposes. Due to the openness and casualness of the local sex industry, there was no place for confined, forced prostitution. Nepal’s 11-year conflict contributed to the rise of the present sex industry. This occurred in several ways. The conflict resulted in massive dislocation of rural populations and their 2010 Terre des hommes www.tdh.ch 25
Page 2 and 3: Publications of Terre des hommes en
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTS ACRONYMS 5 PREFACE BY THE
Page 6 and 7: Terre des hommes Foundation deserve
Page 8 and 9: Isn’t it too late already The Nep
Page 10 and 11: One or several acts Human trafficki
Page 12 and 13: ‘sale’ and normally do not adop
Page 14 and 15: Are boys also victims of traffickin
Page 16 and 17: A girl in a cabin restaurant in Pok
Page 18 and 19: clients - who now access sex worker
Page 20 and 21: How are victims trafficked Girls an
Page 22 and 23: © Giulio Di Sturco/VII Mentor Prog
Page 26 and 27: The table below presents the age an
Page 28 and 29: increasingly engage in personal soc
Page 30 and 31: ©Giulio Di Sturco/VII Mentor Progr
Page 32 and 33: The maze of alleys south of Sundhar
Page 34 and 35: usually take place in dohoris, alth
Page 36 and 37: Guest houses Guest houses, or ‘lo
Page 38 and 39: Unsupported by husbands Absentee hu
Page 40 and 41: PROCURING SEX IN THE ENTERTAINMENT
Page 42 and 43: Nepal’s entertainment and sex ind
Page 44 and 45: More than two-thirds of restaurant
Page 46 and 47: ‘My own close relatives brought m
Page 48 and 49: The table below presents the psycho
Page 50 and 51: girls’ and women’s bodies invit
Page 52 and 53: The threat of arrest gives the poli
Page 54 and 55: A better salary, but not enough One
Page 56 and 57: either from ‘advances’ given to
Page 58 and 59: In regard to the entertainment indu
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Page 62 and 63: is a fantasy. In Thailand and India
Page 64 and 65: sex worker, few are willing to risk
Page 66 and 67: Will a ‘red light area’ fix the
Page 68 and 69: A Protection and Social Welfare Sys
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Page 72 and 73: to minimize trafficking of women, d
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Ministry of Labour and Transport Ma
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agencies and international organisa
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PROGRESS SINCE 2000 Although the en
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2005 National HIV/AIDS Strategy (20
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of the writ petition filed by Pro-p
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BEYOND REGULATIONS The primary resp
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Work Accomplished by the Office of
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either be repealed or revised for c
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mentions single women: ‘The state
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Regulation) Act 2053 to work in res
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Policy: The practice of placing “
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forms of gender discrimination, pre
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WHAT SHOULD BE THE PRIORITY The sit
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© Giulio Di Sturco/VII Mentor Prog
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· Optional Protocol of the Convent
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LEGISLATION An Act to Amend Some Ne
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RESOURCES Organisations or entities
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Samrakshak Samuha Nepal. Puja Dhima
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26538, Thapathali, Kathmandu. Tel:
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ANTI-TRAFFICKING NETWORKS Alliance
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PERSONS INTERVIEWED ANNEX IV. Aarat
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEX V. ActionAid Nep
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National Centre for AIDS and STD Co
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ENDNOTES ANNEX VI. 1 IRIN Web Speci
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23 Generally, it is found that the
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Women Workers in Woolen Carpet Indu
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68 The percentage of females under
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100 ActionAid 2004 study. 101 Actio
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130 142 Interviews conducted for th
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© Giulio Di Sturco/VII Mentor Prog
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