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.30 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE for the assessment of education from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan budgetary requests to the Ministry of Education and distributed federal grants to the universities. Upon the recommendation of the Taskforce on Improvement of Higher Education in Pakistan, the Higher Education Commission was established in 2002 to replace the University Grants Commission. As an autonomous body linked to the Ministry of Education, the HEC has the mandate to evaluate, improve and promote higher education and research. It allocates funding for higher education and advises the provincial and federal governments on the evaluation and approval of universities and other degreeawarding institutions. Since its inception, the HEC has enjoyed ample funding and has taken a series of initiatives to revitalize the higher education sector. No associations currently represent universities at either national or provincial levels. Recognized Institutions Universities and other degree-awarding institutions gain recognition by obtaining charters through acts of the national or provincial legislature. This is often referred to as “accreditation.” Federal and provincial authorities generally grant such charters after the Higher Education Commission or the provincial education department issue a No Objection Certificate or recommendation letter in response to an institution’s application. The HEC website provides an updated list of recognized universities and degree-awarding institutions in both the public and private sectors. See Appendix B for a list of 122 recognized universities and other degree-awarding institutions (updated 2008). Program Structure Modern higher education in Pakistan is largely modeled after the British system. It follows the threetier degree structure (bachelor’s, master’s and PhD). In addition, certificate and diploma programs exist at both undergraduate and graduate levels. The traditional pattern of undergraduate education, dating back to preindependence days, represents 14 or 15 years of schooling— Grade 12 followed by a two-year bachelor’s (pass) degree or a three-year bachelor’s (honours) degree in arts, commerce or science. As directed by the Higher Education Commission, the two- and three-year bachelor’s degree programs are being phased out and replaced by North American-style four-year bachelor’s degrees that represent 16 years of total schooling. The higher education system is therefore under transition, with the change in bachelor’s degree structure affecting other levels of programs. The HEC conducts periodic curriculum revisions in consultation with the universities and publishes updated model curricula on its website. The model curricula cover program structure, credit hours of major and supporting courses, course descriptions and recommended readings. In following the HEC curricula, universities may introduce revisions up to 15 to 20 per cent in courses and content. In traditional Pakistan terminology, a first degree holder is called a “graduate,” and “graduate education” refers to undergraduate education. The term “postgraduate education” is also used to refer to graduate education. Typical higher education programs include: • two-year general bachelor’s (pass) degrees, for example, in arts, commerce and science • three-year general bachelor’s (honours) degrees, for example, in arts, commerce and science • three-year bachelor’s degrees in specialized fields, for example, in business, education and computing • newly upgraded four-year general bachelor’s degrees • four-year bachelor’s degrees in specialized and professional fields, for example, in agriculture, engineering, dentistry, pharmacy (pre-2004) and veterinary medicine (pre-2002) • five-year bachelor’s degrees in specialized and professional fields, for example, in architecture, medicine, pharmacy (since 2004) and veterinary medicine (since 2002) • Bachelor of Law (LLB) and Bachelor of Education as postgraduate bachelor’s degrees (three years and one year respectively) or as integrated programs (five and three years respectively), and one-year postgraduate Bachelor of Library Science (BLS) degrees • general master’s degrees (arts, commerce and science), involving two years of full-time study following achievement of a bachelor’s (pass) degree or one year of full-time study following achievement of a bachelor’s (honours) degree • master’s degrees in professional fields involving three to four semesters of full-time study following achievement of a bachelor’s degree in the same or a related field
INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE for the assessment of education from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan .31 • Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degrees involving two years of full-time study following achievement of a master’s degree or a four-year bachelor’s degree • PhD programs lasting at least two years after achievement of an MPhil or three years after achievement of a master’s degree • various certificate and diploma programs lasting from six months to three years at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, with entry requirements ranging from possession of a secondary school certificate (Grade 10) to possession of a four-year bachelor’s degree Figure 5. Outline of Higher Education System Academic Year and Credit System The organization of the academic year varies from institution to institution, and different programs in the same institution may follow different academic calendars. In the traditional annual system, examinations are held at the end of each academic year. In recent years many universities have adopted the semester system, with final exams held and credits awarded for completed courses at the end of each semester. There are usually two main semesters (called fall and spring or autumn and winter), lasting about four months each, and a short summer semester of about two months. PhD (2-5 years) MPhil (2 years) Master’s Degree (1-2 years) Postgraduate Bachelor’s Degree (1-3 years) Postgraduate Certificate and Diploma (1-2 years) Bachelor Honours & Professional Degree (3-5 years) Bachelor Pass Degree (2 years) Certificate and Diploma (0.5-3 years) Higher Secondary School or Intermediate Stage (2 years)) Secondary School (10 years)
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