A Review of the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork Methodology

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HFIDTC/WP1.1.3/10 Version 2/ 31 October 2005 3.4 CDA – Co-Ordination Demands Analysis Background and application Co-ordination demands analysis (CDA) is used to rate the co-ordination between agents involved in teamwork activity. CDA is used to identify the extent to which team members have to work with each other in order to accomplish the task(s) under analysis. The CDA procedure allows analysts to identify the operational skills required within team tasks, but also the teamwork skills needed for smooth coordination among team members. In its present usage teamwork skills are extracted from a HTA (Annett 2004) and rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 3 (high) against each behaviour in the co-ordination behaviour taxonomy presented in Table 16 (Source: Burke 2004). From these individual ratings a ‘total coordination’ figure for each teamwork task step is derived. Table 16 - CDA teamwork taxonomy (Source: Burke 2004) Coordination Dimension Communication Situational Awareness (SA) Decision Making (DM) Mission analysis (MA) Leadership Adaptability Assertiveness Total Coordination Definition Includes sending, receiving, and acknowledging information among crewmembers. Refers to identifying the source and nature of problems, maintaining an accurate perception of the aircraft’s location relative to the external environment, and detecting situations that require action Includes identifying possible solutions to problems, evaluating the consequences of each alternative, selecting the best alternative, and gathering information needed prior to arriving at a decision Includes monitoring, allocating, and coordinating the resources of the crew and aircraft; prioritizing tasks; setting goals and developing plans to accomplish the goals; creating contingency plans. Refers to directing activities of others, monitoring and assessing the performance of crew members, motivating members, and communicating mission requirements Refers to the ability to alter one’s course of action as necessary, maintain constructive behaviour under pressure, and adapt to internal or external changes. Refers to the willingness to make decisions, demonstrating initiative, and maintaining one’s position until convinced otherwise by facts. Refers to the overall need for interaction and coordination among crew members Domain of application The CDA technique is generic and can be applied to any task that involves teamwork or collaboration. 39
HFIDTC/WP1.1.3/10 Version 2/ 31 October 2005 Procedure and advice Step 1: Define task(s) under analysis The first step in a CDA is to define the task or scenario that will be analysed. This is dependent upon the focus of the analysis. It is recommended that if team coordination in a particular type of system (e.g. command and control) is under investigation, then a set of scenarios representative of team performance in the system should be used. If time and financial constraints do not allow this, then a task that is as representative as possible of team performance in the system under analysis should be used. Step 2: Select appropriate teamwork taxonomy Once the task(s) under analysis are defined, an appropriate teamwork taxonomy should be selected. Again, this may depend upon the purpose of the analysis. However, it is recommended that the taxonomy used covers all aspects of teamwork in the task under analysis. Step 3: Data collection phase Typically, data regarding the task(s) under analysis is collected using observation and/or interviews. Specific data regarding the task under analysis should be collected during this process, including information regarding each task step, each team member’s roles, and communications made. It is recommended that video and audio recording equipment are used to record any observations or interviews conducted during this process. Step 4: Conduct a HTA for the task under analysis Once sufficient data regarding the task under analysis has been collected, a HTA should be conducted. The HTA should represent a breakdown of the task under analysis in terms of goals, sub-goals, operations and plans. Step 5: Construct CDA rating sheet Once a HTA for the task under analysis is completed, a CDA rating sheet should be created. The rating sheet should include a column containing each bottom level task step as identified by the HTA. The teamwork behaviours from the taxonomy should run across the top if the table. An extract of a CDA rating sheet is presented in Table 17. Step 6: Taskwork/Teamwork classification Once the CDA rating sheet is complete, the analyst(s) should then determine which of the bottom level task steps from the HTA involve taskwork and which involve teamwork. Only those task steps defined as teamwork task steps should be rated according to the teamwork taxonomy. Those task steps that are conducted individually involving no collaboration are classified as taskwork, whilst those task steps that are conducted collaboratively, involving more than one agent are classified as teamwork. Step 7: SME rating phase 40
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