Architect Drawings : A Selection of Sketches by World Famous Architects Through History
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Schinkel, Karl Friedrich (1781–1841)<br />
<strong>Sketches</strong> <strong>of</strong> a church at Grundriß Square, 1828, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin,<br />
SM 41d.220, 40.3 30.3cm, Black ink<br />
Karl Friedrich Schinkel, a prominent Prussian neoclassical architect, was born at Neuruppin/Mark<br />
Brandenburg in 1781. After the death <strong>of</strong> his father in 1794, the family moved to Berlin. Deciding that<br />
architecture was his interest, he joined the studio <strong>of</strong> David Gilly to study with he and his son,<br />
Friedrich Gilly. Schinkel subsequently enrolled in the first class <strong>of</strong> the Bauakademie and from 1803 to<br />
1805 he embarked on a journey through Saxony, Austria, Italy, and France to view examples <strong>of</strong> architectural<br />
antiquity.<br />
Schinkel’s first major project was a commission <strong>by</strong> Friedrich Wilhelm III to design the Neue<br />
Wache at the Platz am Zeughaus. In 1821 he designed the Schauspielhaus in Berlin with its symmetrical<br />
wings, double entablature and raised pediment, all distinctive <strong>of</strong> his creative use <strong>of</strong> the neoclassical.<br />
His architecture evoked the Greek and Roman but reflected his own interpretation <strong>of</strong> classicism. One<br />
<strong>of</strong> the buildings he designed in Berlin was the Alte Museum in the Lustgarten, along with planning the<br />
development <strong>of</strong> the area. The distinctive element <strong>of</strong> this project, executed between 1824 and 1830,<br />
was a long colonnaded façade fronted <strong>by</strong> a large open plaza, giving the building a classical, monumental<br />
context.<br />
This page <strong>of</strong> sketches for a square church (Figure 3.7) exhibits a search for form in plan, section, and<br />
elevation. It also conveys Schinkel’s use <strong>of</strong> memory as a device in his design process, expressed through<br />
his freehand sketches. They are in some ways dependent upon memory since thoughts, images, and<br />
experiences, all part <strong>of</strong> the architect’s whole being, determine what the sketch will be. Body memory,<br />
interpretation, and even specific items that are retained in memory over other experiences influence<br />
what each architect sketches. 1<br />
The quick, <strong>of</strong>ten uncontrolled process <strong>of</strong> sketching reveals how memory influences the form <strong>of</strong> the<br />
images. The haphazard placement and the heavy lines for correction are evidence <strong>of</strong> a thinking process.<br />
Schinkel uses his memory both to remember aspects <strong>of</strong> antiquity and to be reminded <strong>of</strong> the form <strong>of</strong><br />
his earlier projects.<br />
The square shape <strong>of</strong> this church is reminiscent <strong>of</strong> a Renaissance Palazzo with its heavy cornice and<br />
frieze. The center is open, so as to be an atrium or interior courtyard also evoking the Renaissance<br />
Palazzo theme. Other details speak <strong>of</strong> Schinkel’s concern for history, such as the Pantheon-like portico,<br />
very similar to the Villa Medici at Poggio a Caiano <strong>by</strong> Giuliano da Sangallo. The tall, central<br />
space, possibly three to four stories, terminates in a domed oculus skylight.<br />
The sketches also convey Schinkel’s memory <strong>of</strong> his own earlier design projects, <strong>by</strong> the way he<br />
repeats certain elements in a new context. The image on the right shows the same square church, but<br />
on the lower level a long, colonnaded, raised portico surrounds it. One is distinctly reminded <strong>of</strong> the<br />
long colonnade on the Alte Museum, not yet completed at the time <strong>of</strong> this sketch, but possibly still<br />
very much in Schinkel’s mind. The portico, rendered on the alternative to the left, is reminiscent <strong>of</strong><br />
the façade <strong>of</strong> his earlier work, the Neue Wache, designed approximately twelve years earlier. These<br />
elemental shapes are reflective <strong>of</strong> the neoclassical style, but they are reused in creative ways, distinctive<br />
in his design.<br />
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