Architect Drawings : A Selection of Sketches by World Famous Architects Through History
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da Vinci, Leonardo (1452–1519)<br />
Codex Atlanticus, studies for the tiburio <strong>of</strong> Milan Cathedral, c. 1487, Biblioteca Ambrosiana,<br />
f. 851 recto, 28.2 23.7cm, Ink<br />
It is impossible to discuss a history <strong>of</strong> architectural sketches without an example from Leonardo da<br />
Vinci, whose numerous sketchbooks reveal the genius <strong>of</strong> an architect, painter, sculptor, and inventor.<br />
Although he built or finished very little architectural work, he proposed designs for domed, centrally<br />
planned churches, fortifications, numerous mechanical inventions, and buildings in various scales<br />
from chapels to palaces to cities. At an early age he started in the workshop <strong>of</strong> painter Andrea del<br />
Verrochio. <strong>Through</strong>out his career, Leonardo worked as a military engineer in Milan, in his own studio<br />
in Florence, and later in his life, on projects for King Louis XII in France. It was in Amboise,<br />
France, where he died in 1519. His works that remain include extensive sketchbooks, some sculpture,<br />
and paintings such as the Mona Lisa, Virgin <strong>of</strong> the Rocks and the fresco The Last Supper in San<br />
Maria delle Grazie, Milan.<br />
A consummate observer, Leonardo took an empirical approach to satisfy his curiosity about the<br />
nature <strong>of</strong> the world, giving him the ability <strong>of</strong> ‘sight and insight’ ( Janson, 1970). He felt that experience<br />
is acquired <strong>by</strong> the senses and, subsequently, that seeing involved an active process. Feeling a<br />
need to represent nature as he viewed it, his approach was opposed to that <strong>of</strong> universal beauty as discussed<br />
<strong>by</strong> Alberti. He viewed vision as the source <strong>of</strong> scientific truth (Barasch, 1999).<br />
In 1487 Leonardo produced a model for the design <strong>of</strong> the dome <strong>of</strong> the Milan Cathedral. This<br />
page from his sketchbook, Codex Atlanticus (Figure 1.2), presents some <strong>of</strong> the design process for the<br />
tiburio <strong>of</strong> this cathedral. It shows the stacking <strong>of</strong> bricks or blocks to structure the light arches and<br />
buttresses. Typical <strong>of</strong> Leonardo’s sketches, it is possible to view details <strong>of</strong> construction and connection,<br />
as the blocks are rendered with interlocking notches. As a design study, the sketch also displays<br />
rough beginnings and alterations, showing a centerline and horizontals to guide proportions. Only<br />
half <strong>of</strong> the construction has been detailed; Leonardo understood enough to move on to another<br />
drawing or a model. Perhaps he rejected how the proposal was progressing, or the sketch had simply<br />
served its purpose and could be set aside.<br />
This page (f. 851 recto) has numerous identical stippling marks as the page f. 850 recto. These marks<br />
were presumably used as guidelines and also acted as identical templates to explore multiple variations<br />
for assembly and construction. The marks are in fact pinpricks that resemble the pounced<br />
guidelines <strong>of</strong> a cartoon used to transfer a design onto a fresco. Leonardo was well aware <strong>of</strong> the transfer<br />
techniques <strong>of</strong> cartoons using bilateral symmetry. It is evident that on other sheets from the Codex<br />
Atlanticus, he folded the paper to prick guidelines through both sides <strong>of</strong> the paper to perceive a symmetrical<br />
whole (Bambach, 1999). Evidence <strong>of</strong> a similar technique can be viewed on this page; a<br />
prominent crease down the center. The irregular spacing <strong>of</strong> the marks coincides exactly, strongly<br />
suggesting that at least part <strong>of</strong> each sketch was pricked simultaneously, or possibly, the pages were<br />
first folded and then pricked through all layers. 1 This points to an economy, in that Leonardo would<br />
not need to recalculate the tiburio, but make minor alterations to the structural form or the stacking<br />
<strong>of</strong> the blocks on identical sheets. In this way, one can view the architect/builder concerned with<br />
the solidity <strong>of</strong> the structure as well as the artist, utilizing known transfer techniques.<br />
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