Architect Drawings : A Selection of Sketches by World Famous Architects Through History
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Ito, Chuta (1868–1954)<br />
Sketch <strong>of</strong> gate <strong>of</strong> Shrine Shinobazu Bentendo Tenryumon, The University <strong>of</strong> Tokyo, Tokyo,<br />
Japan, Graphite on grid paper, 1914<br />
Primarily an architectural historian, Chuta Ito is best known for his documentation <strong>of</strong> Japan’s historical<br />
temples and monuments. Ironically, Ito was born the same year Japan established a parliament to<br />
initiate an open international policy. The Meiji reign led Japan to exchange culture and ideas that<br />
resulted in a style <strong>of</strong> architecture blending European aesthetics with Japanese construction and materials<br />
(Stewart, 1987).<br />
Ito, originally from Yonezawa, Dewa Province (Yamagata Prefect), attended the School <strong>of</strong><br />
Engineering at Tokyo Imperial University, completing in 1892. Upon finishing he entered graduate<br />
studies in architectural history, receiving a doctorate in 1901. Ito joined academia (School <strong>of</strong><br />
Engineering) becoming a Full Pr<strong>of</strong>essor in 1905. In the late 1890s, he prepared a survey <strong>of</strong> the buildings<br />
<strong>of</strong> Japan’s oldest Temple, Horyuji at Nara. In 1898, he published the Horyuji kenchikuron<br />
‘Discourse on the architecture <strong>of</strong> Horiuji’ discussing his findings <strong>of</strong> the construction, proportions and<br />
decoration <strong>of</strong> the temple (Turner, 2000). A member <strong>of</strong> Japan’s Society for the Preservation <strong>of</strong> Ancient<br />
Shrines and Temples beginning in 1896, he also received the Cultural Medal <strong>of</strong> Japan in 1943.<br />
Additionally a practicing architect, his work includes Okura Shukokan Museum 1927; Memorial<br />
Hall for the Earthquake <strong>of</strong> 1923, 1930; and the Main Hall <strong>of</strong> the Temple Tsukiji Honganji, 1934, all<br />
located in Tokyo. Ito retired from academia in 1928 (Turner, 2000).<br />
As an example <strong>of</strong> the careful recording <strong>of</strong> traditional monuments, this page (Figure 5.9) displays<br />
details <strong>of</strong> the gate <strong>of</strong> the shrine called Shinobazu Bentendo Tenryumon. An example <strong>of</strong> a series <strong>of</strong><br />
studies this image was concerned with drawing as a means to observe and ultimately understand.<br />
Different than a design sketch to discover ideas and form though design, this sketch was used to<br />
uncover meaning. That meaning could have included historical analysis <strong>of</strong> materials, construction<br />
techniques, or symbolism.<br />
This group <strong>of</strong> details has been studied on grid paper supposedly to comprehend and accurately<br />
record measurement, scale and proportions. The scale running up the left side <strong>of</strong> the paper has been<br />
divided into equal units and numbered to sixteen. The grid could also assist Ito to keep lines straight<br />
and to comparatively proportion objects, although these pieces were not sketched in the same scale.<br />
The ro<strong>of</strong> exhibits decorative objects that have been sketched at a larger size to better understand their<br />
detail. To better understand its form the dragon/chimera was rendered three times, once in context,<br />
as a pr<strong>of</strong>ile, and in three-quarters view.<br />
The graphite technique used <strong>by</strong> Ito is meticulous, revealing fine detail and showing slight corrections<br />
to achieve the viewed angles and curves. The transfer from the three-dimensional object to the<br />
paper reveals a dedicated observer. This relocation has been accomplished entirely freehand but was<br />
facilitated <strong>by</strong> the grid lines.<br />
The fastidious manner <strong>of</strong> the image suggests its importance as a device to hold a memory for posterity,<br />
an image to remain even if the original was damaged. Undoubtedly the sketch was also meant<br />
for study, to compare form and composition to other temples. Analysis <strong>of</strong>ten separates distinctive<br />
elements for individual inspection. Here the act <strong>of</strong> drawing helped him to thoroughly understand<br />
and the accuracy was vital for a scholarly discussion. As a sketch, this page was preparatory for<br />
something else, most likely the discourse <strong>of</strong> speculation. The study was intended for his own conclusions<br />
but it contained the added importance <strong>of</strong> helping to educate others. The sketch represented<br />
a phase in the process, one that could have sparked an unusual relationship between parts or stimulated<br />
an insightful discovery.<br />
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