2008 Sector Performance Report - US Environmental Protection ...

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Increasing Use of Solar Power The Port of New York and New Jersey East Coast Warehouse Facility at Elizabeth Port Authority Marine Terminal has been equipped with more than 5,000 flexible solar panels, covering about 37% of its roof and designed to produce more than 810,000 kilowatts (kW) of electricity. The Ports of Oakland and Los Angeles, CA, both recently committed to deploying solar power systems onsite to supply electricity for their operations. In December 2007, the Port of Los Angeles agreed to construct a 10-megawatt solar photovoltaic system as part of the mitigation package for a major expansion of one of the port’s container terminals. The port expects the system to offset nearly 17,000 metric tons of GHG emissions annually. 16 In November 2007, the Port of Oakland arranged for deployment of a new 756-kW solar photovoltaic power system on its property, which it expects to generate more than 1 million kW hours of electricity annually. The port expects the system to reduce its GHG emissions by 850 metric tons per year. 17 air emissions. Many of the nation’s ports are located in areas that do not meet EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone (eight-hour standard) and PM 2.5 . 18 Diesel Emissions The primary sources of air emissions from the Ports sector are diesel engines, which are used in ships, trucks, trains, cargo-handling equipment, and harbor craft. Diesel emissions include PM, NO X , sulfur oxides (SO X ), hazardous air pollutants, and GHGs. As shown in Table 1, more ports are taking steps to quantify and reduce air emissions. Table 1 Emission Reduction Strategies Reported by Ports 2005 2007 Have an emissions inventory 23% 42% Have an emissions control or reduction strategy 25% 37% Are using low-emission fuels 29% 47% Have implemented program for diesel retrofits or replacements NA 34% Are using alternative energy sources NA 26% Source: American Association of Port Authorities As shown in the table, some ports are reducing emissions from existing diesel engines through engine replacements or retrofits. To assist with this effort, EPA worked with AAPA and other stakeholders to create Clean Ports USA. Launched in 2004 as part of EPA’s National Clean Diesel Ports With Emissions Inventories 19 Anacortes (WA) Baltimore (MD) Coos Bay (OR) Corpus Christi (TX) Everett (WA) Houston (TX)* Lake Michigan Ports Long Beach (CA)* Los Angeles (CA)* Lower Mississippi River Ports (LA) New York/New Jersey (NY/NJ)* Oakland (CA)* Olympia (WA) Philadelphia and Delaware River Ports (PA, DE) Port Angeles (WA) Portland (OR) San Diego (CA) Savannah (GA)* Seattle (WA)* South Carolina State Port Authority (SC)* South Louisiana (LA) Tacoma (WA)* Tampa (FL) Virginia Port Authority (VA)* Note: * = top 10 U.S. container ports in 2006 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Campaign, this incentive-based program is designed to reduce diesel emissions from existing vehicles and equipment at ports. Clean Ports USA has funded 11 portrelated projects with $1.9 million in federal dollars and $2.5 million in matching funds provided by partners. 20 Ports, EPA, and other stakeholders also are collaborating through five regional partnerships that are encouraging voluntary diesel emissions reductions. Ports are reducing diesel emissions from trucks by implementing operational changes that reduce waiting times and the number of truck trips. One such change is the establishment of common pools for the chassis that are used to haul intermodal containers. Most chassis are owned and maintained by individual terminal operators or shipping lines, which typically do not allow them to be used with another carrier’s containers. Requiring drivers to switch chassis can add up to one hour per trip, increasing fuel use and air pollution. Chassis pools reduce the number of truck movements and the amount of idling, resulting in lower emissions and greater productivity. In 2004, the Virginia Port Authority established a chassis pool at the Port of Virginia, which became the first U.S. port to achieve 100% participation from the port’s shipping lines. 21 In the Port of New York and New Jersey, the Maher Container Terminal at the Elizabeth Port Authority Marine Terminal utilizes a 31-acre chassis pool yard. Ports also are 98 Ports 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT
San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan South Carolina State Ports Authority (SCSPA) In November 2006, the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Even though the southeastern coast of the United Beach, CA, adopted a comprehensive strategy to reduce States is currently in attainment with federal air quality air emissions from freight transportation in a region standards, SCSPA developed a voluntary air quality that has some of the worst air quality in the nation. program to minimize air emissions from existing Their goal is to reduce emissions of PM, SO X , and NO X terminals and a new container terminal it is building. (a precursor to smog) from port-related operations by The port committed to activities such as conducting an 45% or more within five years. 22 By the fifth year, the emissions inventory of existing facilities, funding a PM ports plan to achieve annual emission reductions of monitoring station, and including clean air guidelines 1,200 tons of PM, 12,000 tons of NO X , and 8,900 tons in construction bid documents. 26 SCSPA also switched 23 of SO X . Under the plan, the ports will: to ULSF diesel in September 2007, three years ahead of • Phase out the oldest (and therefore dirtiest) trucks federal requirements. 27 Emissions reductions over those servicing the ports, three years will be an estimated 1,100 pounds of NO X and 30 pounds of SO X . 28 • Equip all major terminals with shoreside electricity for vessels at berth, • Require ships to use low-sulfur fuels and reduce speeds when entering or leaving the harbor region, and • Replace or retrofit all switching locomotives and cargo-handling equipment to meet EPA’s toughest emissions standards for new equipment. The ports are actively implementing the plan. For example, all diesel-powered Class 1 switcher and helper locomotives entering the Port of Los Angeles have been using ULSF diesel fuel since the beginning of 2007. 24 The plan built upon previous efforts by the ports. For example, between 2001 and 2005, the Port of Los Angeles reduced emissions of PM, SO X , and NO X by 17% to 27% on a per-container basis. 25 Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy The Northwest Ports Clean Air Strategy is a joint effort of the Ports of Seattle and Tacoma, WA, and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (British Columbia) to reduce maritime and port-related emissions that affect air quality and contribute to climate change. A key goal is to stay in attainment of ambient air quality standards. The strategy establishes measurable short- and long-term performance measures for trucks, rail, water vessels, oceangoing vessels, and cargo-handling equipment. 29 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT Ports 99
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2008 Sector Performance rePort
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table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
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Key to our work is collaboration wi
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Energy Use The eight sectors for wh
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Sector Data Side by Side The follow
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TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
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TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
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This report relies upon a variety o
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TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
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Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
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Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
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Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
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equires 32% more energy per ton of
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Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
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l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
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ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
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Chemical facilities purchase electr
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conservatively assumes that chemica
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Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
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Waste Management Reported to TRI In
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Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
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Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
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Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
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Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
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Figure 4 Trends in Construction and
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Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 56 and 57: associations, or government agencie
Page 58 and 59: disposed or released to air or wate
Page 60 and 61: Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
Page 62 and 63: 2002 the manufacture of wood produc
Page 64 and 65: emission controls to the pulping, p
Page 66 and 67: Water discharges became a major foc
Page 68 and 69: Iron & Steel 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 70 and 71: ton of steel shipped improved over
Page 72 and 73: existing, high-toxicity weighting f
Page 74 and 75: water that has been reused. Typical
Page 76 and 77: Metal Casting 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-20
Page 78 and 79: using a cupola furnace can dehumidi
Page 80 and 81: Table 1 presents the top TRI-report
Page 82 and 83: Waste Management Reported to TRI hi
Page 84 and 85: Oil & Gas AT A GLANCE 1996-2005 1,2
Page 86 and 87: equipment helps recover the gas. In
Page 88 and 89: The most widely used EOR technique
Page 90 and 91: Petroleum refining Latest Environme
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2 Al TRI HA s Air Emissions
Page 94 and 95: energy technologies, and improving
Page 96 and 97: Paint & Coatings 1 AT A GLANCE 1996
Page 98 and 99: Figure 1 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 100 and 101: Owned Treatment Works, but may also
Page 102 and 103: Ports 1 AT A GLANCE 2005: 360 publi
Page 106 and 107: developing retrofit and replacement
Page 108 and 109: “invasive” if they are capable
Page 110 and 111: shipbuilding & ship repair 1 AT A G
Page 112 and 113: of marine coatings. CAPs and GHGs a
Page 114 and 115: Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005
Page 116 and 117: Shipyards’ stormwater runoff is t
Page 118 and 119: data Sources, Methodologies, and CO
Page 120 and 121: Facilities described above must rep
Page 122 and 123: Data Processing RSEI calculates tox
Page 124 and 125: • Section 6.2: Transfers to other
Page 126 and 127: Cement Manufacturing 1. Facilities:
Page 128 and 129: 12. Charles Heizenroth, EPA, person
Page 130 and 131: Forest Products 1. Facilities: Cens
Page 132 and 133: 40. Includes direct discharges to w
Page 134 and 135: Public Data Release (PDR) (includes
Page 136: Advancing Port Sustainability, Janu
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