2008 Sector Performance Report - US Environmental Protection ...

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developing retrofit and replacement programs for drayage trucks to reduce emissions. Oceangoing vessels, which burn bunker fuel while at sea and run auxiliary diesel engines in port, are a major source of emissions at ports. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (also known as MARPOL) governs vessels’ environmental performance. In October 2007, AAPA’s members agreed to support the U.S. government proposal to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to amend MARPOL Annex VI and establish more stringent air emission standards for reduce them over time. EPA is working with the freight industry to expand the program and develop tools that will help companies measure and reduce GHG and criteria air pollutant emissions from their entire transportation supply chain (including ports). SmartWay already includes some drayage carriers, which are truck companies that deliver freight to and from port facilities. Seeking more ways to improve the environmental performance of drayage fleets, which typically consist of older trucks, SmartWay is working with ports such as the Virginia Port Authority to offer low-cost loans to drayage oceangoing vessels. 30 carriers for cleaner and more fuel-efficient trucks. 33 Greenhouse Gases There are no sector-level estimates of GHG emissions from ports, but many ports are estimating GHGs when conducting emissions inventories. For example, the Ports of Seattle, Tacoma, and Everett, WA, jointly estimated GHG emissions of 397,033 tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalent in 2005, with overall Puget Sound maritime emissions of 1.9 million tons of CO 2 equivalent. 31 The Port of San Diego, CA, a relatively small port, estimated GHG emissions of 128,000 tons of CO 2 equivalent in 2006. 32 Increasingly, shippers are expecting organizations in the transportation supply chain to measure, report, and improve their environmental performance. For example, through EPA’s SmartWay Transport Partnership, companies commit to shipping higher percentages of freight with truck and rail carriers that are SmartWay partners. In turn, participating carriers agree to estimate their emissions and Water Use and Discharges Located on coasts and inland waterways, ports are caretakers for coastal resources. Public ports regularly develop wetland sites; create, restore, and enhance habitat; and monitor water quality. The transport of invasive species in ships’ ballast water and oil spills from ships or landside facilities can significantly affect local water quality and wildlife. Dredging of channels and harbors can affect water quality, although dredging permits require mitigation plans. Stormwater Stormwater can pick up pollutants from paved surfaces before entering waterways. Most port facilities for cargo handling include large expanses of paved surface, which, 100 Ports <strong>2008</strong> SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT
Reducing Discharges With Permeable Asphalt In 2006, the Port of Portland, OR, installed 35 acres of porous asphalt at one of its auto-import facilities. Unlike traditional asphalt, porous asphalt allows stormwater to soak into the underlying soil. The porous asphalt, along with a system of swales and natural vegetation to handle runoff from heavy rain, treats all stormwater onsite. The port saved $250,000 and nearly a year of time for obtaining an NPDES permit. The port also receives a discount on the city’s storm sewer fee and will have lower maintenance costs over time. 34 along with the possibility of spills of bulk or liquid freight, makes stormwater management very important. Most stormwater discharges from ports are considered point sources and require a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. Many NPDES permits require preparation of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan. In the 2007 AAPA survey, 68% of the ports responding indicated that they have such a plan; 61% indicated that they advise tenants periodically on stormwater compliance responsibilities. Restoration of Aquatic Habitat Ports often restore coastal habitat as mitigation for development activities and in broader stewardship efforts. Restoring Fish Habitat Most of the east side of Puget Sound is hardened with riprap and bulkheads. Restoration of more natural shoreline habitats is critical to the recovery of Puget Sound salmon. In part to mitigate the impacts of a new pier, the Port of Everett, WA, used a new method for pebble/sand beach construction to restore 1,100 feet of shoreline habitat in front of a rock bulkhead supporting a BNSF railroad line. Biological monitoring has already shown a high level of activity by juvenile salmon and forage fish along the restored shore. 35 Invasive Species Ships take on or discharge ballast water to accommodate changes to their displacement and trim as they load or unload cargo or take on or consume fuel. 36 As vessels transit the globe, they collect and discharge water many miles apart, and in the process can introduce nonindigenous species. These species are considered <strong>2008</strong> SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT Ports 101
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2008 Sector Performance rePort
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table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
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Key to our work is collaboration wi
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Energy Use The eight sectors for wh
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Sector Data Side by Side The follow
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TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
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TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
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This report relies upon a variety o
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TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
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Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
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Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
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Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
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equires 32% more energy per ton of
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Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
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l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
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ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
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Chemical facilities purchase electr
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conservatively assumes that chemica
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Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
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Waste Management Reported to TRI In
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Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
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Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
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Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
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Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
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Figure 4 Trends in Construction and
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Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
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Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 56 and 57: associations, or government agencie
Page 58 and 59: disposed or released to air or wate
Page 60 and 61: Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
Page 62 and 63: 2002 the manufacture of wood produc
Page 64 and 65: emission controls to the pulping, p
Page 66 and 67: Water discharges became a major foc
Page 68 and 69: Iron & Steel 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 70 and 71: ton of steel shipped improved over
Page 72 and 73: existing, high-toxicity weighting f
Page 74 and 75: water that has been reused. Typical
Page 76 and 77: Metal Casting 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-20
Page 78 and 79: using a cupola furnace can dehumidi
Page 80 and 81: Table 1 presents the top TRI-report
Page 82 and 83: Waste Management Reported to TRI hi
Page 84 and 85: Oil & Gas AT A GLANCE 1996-2005 1,2
Page 86 and 87: equipment helps recover the gas. In
Page 88 and 89: The most widely used EOR technique
Page 90 and 91: Petroleum refining Latest Environme
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2 Al TRI HA s Air Emissions
Page 94 and 95: energy technologies, and improving
Page 96 and 97: Paint & Coatings 1 AT A GLANCE 1996
Page 98 and 99: Figure 1 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 100 and 101: Owned Treatment Works, but may also
Page 102 and 103: Ports 1 AT A GLANCE 2005: 360 publi
Page 104 and 105: Increasing Use of Solar Power The P
Page 108 and 109: “invasive” if they are capable
Page 110 and 111: shipbuilding & ship repair 1 AT A G
Page 112 and 113: of marine coatings. CAPs and GHGs a
Page 114 and 115: Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005
Page 116 and 117: Shipyards’ stormwater runoff is t
Page 118 and 119: data Sources, Methodologies, and CO
Page 120 and 121: Facilities described above must rep
Page 122 and 123: Data Processing RSEI calculates tox
Page 124 and 125: • Section 6.2: Transfers to other
Page 126 and 127: Cement Manufacturing 1. Facilities:
Page 128 and 129: 12. Charles Heizenroth, EPA, person
Page 130 and 131: Forest Products 1. Facilities: Cens
Page 132 and 133: 40. Includes direct discharges to w
Page 134 and 135: Public Data Release (PDR) (includes
Page 136: Advancing Port Sustainability, Janu
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