2008 Sector Performance Report - US Environmental Protection ...

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using a cupola furnace can dehumidify blast air to reduce coke consumption and can cover coke storage areas to prevent water from being introduced into the charge. 8 Air Emissions Air emissions are a primary environmental concern in the sector, and include criteria air pollutants (CAPs), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and a number of chemicals reported to EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). In general, the “toxic chemicals” tracked by TRI are found in raw materials and fuels used. CAPs and GHGs also are generated from onsite combustion of fuels. The TRI list of toxic chemicals includes all but six of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA). Air pollution is a major environmental impact particularly from ferrous metal casting. Because aluminum, used in nonferrous operations, melts at a lower temperature than ferrous metals, nonferrous casting usually results in lower air emissions. The sector’s air emissions result from the various operations in a facility, including metal melting, mold making, handling foundry sand, and die-casting. The majority of metal emissions come from the metal melting operations, while most organic emissions are from handling the binder that holds sand together to produce the cores and molds. Once the binder is combined with the sand, there may be additional organic, particulate, and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from pouring the molten metal into the casting and from breaking apart the cast. Handling foundry sand results primarily in particulate emissions. Air Emissions Reported to TRI In 2005, 662 facilities reported to TRI air emissions of 3.8 million absolute lbs. Between 1996 and 2005, TRIreported air emissions, in absolute pounds, declined 63%, as shown in Figure 2a. Because production levels for the sector remained relatively steady over the 10 years, the emissions trend, when normalized by ferrous and nonferrous shipments, was very similar to the trend for absolute emissions, as shown in Figure 2b. Some 75% of the sector’s air emissions in 2005 were reported by ferrous metal casting facilities, while nonferrous facilities reported the remaining 25%. In the same year, ferrous metal casting facilities contributed to 62% of the sector’s total shipments, while nonferrous contributed to 38%. To consider toxicity of air emissions, EPA’s Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) model assigns every TRI chemical a relative toxicity weight, then multiplies the pounds of media-specific releases (e.g., pounds of mercury released to air) by a chemical-specific toxicity weight to calculate a relative Toxicity Score. RSEI methodological considerations are discussed in greater detail in the Data Guide, which explains the underlying assumptions and important limitations of RSEI. Data are not reported to TRI in sufficient detail to distinguish which forms of certain chemicals within a chemical category are being emitted. For chemical categories such as chromium, the toxicity model conservatively assumes that chemicals are emitted in the form with the highest toxicity weight (e.g., hexavalent chromium); thus, Toxicity Scores are overestimated for some chemical categories. Summing the Toxicity Scores for all of the air emissions reported to TRI by the sector produces the trend illustrated in Figure 2c. The sector’s Toxicity Score declined 82% from 1996 to 2005. 9 Three chemicals—manganese, chromium, and diisocyanates—accounted for 81% of the sector’s total Toxicity Score. Manganese and chromium emissions result from melting; furnaces melting metal emit dust, metallic particles, and metal oxide fumes, along with the products of combusted fuel. Diisocyanates, associated with binding materials, are emitted as a result of exposure to air. The apparent spike in 1996 was exacerbated by diisocyanates emissions reported by one facility, which, in subsequent years, reported no diisocyanates emissions. The sector’s reported emissions of all three chemicals have declined since 1996. During this same period, regulations led to increased use of pollution control equipment, and to equipment upgrades. Technology related to the binding process has also improved; changes in binder ingredients and processing, for example, have promoted reductions in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. In 2005, 514 facilities reported 2.5 million lbs. of HAP emissions. These HAPs accounted for 66% of the sector’s air emissions in 2005 and 83% of the sector’s overall Toxicity Score. Over the 10-year period presented, absolute and normalized pounds of HAPs emitted declined by 65%. 10 72 Metal Casting 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT
Figure 2 Air Emissions All Reported R HAPs to TRI 1996–2005 All TRI Chemicals, including HAPs All TRI HAPs a. Absolute lbs 10.4 M 7.1 M 53.8 M 2.5 M 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 lbs in mill ons lion lbs in mi lbs ons n in on io N li l b. Normalized lbs All R HAP g 1 4 M 10.4 7 1 7.1 M M 3.8 64 64% 2 5 2.5 M 65% 65% 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200 2005 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 c. Normalized Toxicity Score Trend 1.0 .3 .18 .15 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Note: Normalized by ferrous and nonferrous shipments. Sources: U.S. Environmental 1996 Protection 1997Agency, American 1998 Foundry 999 Society 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT Metal Casting 73
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2008 Sector Performance rePort
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table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
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Key to our work is collaboration wi
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Energy Use The eight sectors for wh
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Sector Data Side by Side The follow
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TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
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TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
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This report relies upon a variety o
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TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
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Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
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Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
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Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
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equires 32% more energy per ton of
Page 28 and 29: Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
Page 30 and 31: l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
Page 32 and 33: ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
Page 34 and 35: Chemical facilities purchase electr
Page 36 and 37: conservatively assumes that chemica
Page 38 and 39: Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
Page 40 and 41: Waste Management Reported to TRI In
Page 42 and 43: Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
Page 44 and 45: Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
Page 46 and 47: Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
Page 50 and 51: Figure 4 Trends in Construction and
Page 52 and 53: Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 56 and 57: associations, or government agencie
Page 58 and 59: disposed or released to air or wate
Page 60 and 61: Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
Page 62 and 63: 2002 the manufacture of wood produc
Page 64 and 65: emission controls to the pulping, p
Page 66 and 67: Water discharges became a major foc
Page 68 and 69: Iron & Steel 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 70 and 71: ton of steel shipped improved over
Page 72 and 73: existing, high-toxicity weighting f
Page 74 and 75: water that has been reused. Typical
Page 76 and 77: Metal Casting 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-20
Page 80 and 81: Table 1 presents the top TRI-report
Page 82 and 83: Waste Management Reported to TRI hi
Page 84 and 85: Oil & Gas AT A GLANCE 1996-2005 1,2
Page 86 and 87: equipment helps recover the gas. In
Page 88 and 89: The most widely used EOR technique
Page 90 and 91: Petroleum refining Latest Environme
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2 Al TRI HA s Air Emissions
Page 94 and 95: energy technologies, and improving
Page 96 and 97: Paint & Coatings 1 AT A GLANCE 1996
Page 98 and 99: Figure 1 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 100 and 101: Owned Treatment Works, but may also
Page 102 and 103: Ports 1 AT A GLANCE 2005: 360 publi
Page 104 and 105: Increasing Use of Solar Power The P
Page 106 and 107: developing retrofit and replacement
Page 108 and 109: “invasive” if they are capable
Page 110 and 111: shipbuilding & ship repair 1 AT A G
Page 112 and 113: of marine coatings. CAPs and GHGs a
Page 114 and 115: Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005
Page 116 and 117: Shipyards’ stormwater runoff is t
Page 118 and 119: data Sources, Methodologies, and CO
Page 120 and 121: Facilities described above must rep
Page 122 and 123: Data Processing RSEI calculates tox
Page 124 and 125: • Section 6.2: Transfers to other
Page 126 and 127: Cement Manufacturing 1. Facilities:
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12. Charles Heizenroth, EPA, person
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Forest Products 1. Facilities: Cens
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40. Includes direct discharges to w
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Public Data Release (PDR) (includes
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Advancing Port Sustainability, Janu
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