2008 Sector Performance Report - US Environmental Protection ...

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Energy Use The eight sectors for which we have calculations used an estimated 14.5 quadrillion British Thermal Units (Btu) in 2002, which was nearly 15% of total domestic energy consumption of 97.9 quadrillion Btu. 2 World energy consumption in 2002 was 409.7 quadrillion Btu. The U.S. consumed more energy than any other country, followed by China, Russia, and Japan, although long-term trends appear likely to change the rankings. 3 From 1996 to 2005, the U.S. industrial sector gradually consumed less energy, while residential, commercial, and especially transportation energy consumption rose. 4 See individual sector chapters for discussions of energy use, trends, and opportunities. 5 Energy Use and Air Emissions Energy use causes impacts such as direct air emissions, which are reflected in this report. Other impacts, such as offsite (indirect) emissions, are generally beyond the scope of this report, as are energy-related mobile source emissions, such as from freight shipping. Primary among on-site energy use-related air emissions are criteria air pollutants (CAPs) from combustion. The largest components of such CAP emissions are sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO X ), and larger particulates from coal combustion. Most SO 2 results from combusting sulfur-containing fuels, especially coal. Combustion also generates NO X , although emissions vary less by fuel type than for SO 2 . Particulate matter (PM) can be ash and dust from combustion of coal or heavy oil, or very fine particulates (PM 2.5 ) largely composed of aerosols formed by NO X and SO 2 emissions. Excepting emissions from off-road vehicles, volatile organic compound (VOC) and carbon monoxide (CO) combustion emissions are a much smaller fraction of total energy-related emissions. CO is a product of incomplete combustion, but the largest source is vehicles. VOCs can also result from incomplete combustion, but the largest energy-related sources are fugitive emissions from fuel storage tanks and pipelines and combustion-related vehicle emissions. Fossil fuel combustion also generates carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), which is a greenhouse gas (GHG). Other energy-related GHG emissions, such as methane (CH 4 ), are far less substantial. Greenhouse Gases A sector’s GHG footprint includes direct and indirect emission sources. Direct emission sources are those for which there is direct control, such as fossil fuel combustion and process emissions. Indirect emission sources are mainly those attributed to the generation of purchased electricity. Both EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimate economy-wide GHG emissions, but neither provides sector-specific footprints that include direct and Top World Energy Consumption 1996–2005 Quadrrillion Btus U.S. Energy Consumption 1996–2005 Trillion Btus 500 400 300 200 100 0 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 World United States China Russia 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Source: U.S. Department of Energy Industrial Transportation Residential Commercial 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Source: U.S. Department of Energy indirect emissions; data to generate such estimates are not readily available. In 2005, total U.S. GHG emissions were 7,260 million metric tons of CO 2 equivalent, having risen 8.5% since 1996. 6 Including emissions from generation of purchased electricity, industry and transportation each accounted for 28% of total U.S. GHG emissions in 2005. In all sectors except agriculture, CO 2 accounted for more than 80% of GHG emissions, primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels. 7 Although some gases have a higher global warming potential (GWP) per unit than CO 2 , CO 2 is by far the dominant GHG emitted in terms of volume and total GWP emitted each year. EPA reports on CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion for broad sectors of the U.S. economy. For CO 2 emissions other than fossil fuel use, EPA reports on particular sources, such as industrial processes in the Cement Manufacturing and Iron & Steel sectors. 8 2 Executive Summary 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT
U.S. C0 2 Sources in Million Metric Tons of CO 2 Equivalent 2005 Fossil Fuel Combustion Non-Energy Use of Fuels Cement Manufacturing Iron & Steel Production Natural Gas Systems Municipal Solid Waste Combustion Ammonia Manufacturing and Urea Application Lime Manufacturing Limestone & Dolomite Use Aluminum Production Soda Ash Manufacturing & Consumption Petrochemical Production Titanium Dioxide Production Phosphoric Acid Production Ferroalloy Production Carbon Dioxide Consumption Zinc Production Lead Production Silicon Carbide Production & Consumption 28.2 20.9 16.3 13.7 7.4 4.2 4.2 2.9 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.3 .5 .3 .2 45.9 45.2 142.4 5,751.2 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U.S. GHG Emissions 1996–2005 with Electricity-Related Emissions Distributed Criteria Air Pollutant and VOC Emissions 2002 GHG Emissions (million metric tons CO 2 equivalent) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Transportation Commercial Residential Agriculture U.S. Total Sectors in this Report 25% Oil & Gas 24% Iron & Steel 12% Note: Sectors at 1% or less are not represented. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Forest Products 23% Cement Manufacturing 9% Chemical Manufacturing 23% Food & Beverage Manufacturing 7% Direct CO 2 and CH 4 combined process emissions from the Iron & Steel sector fell 33% from 1996 to 2005, although total steel produced was relatively unchanged. 9 Direct CO 2 process emissions from Cement Manufacturing in the same time period rose 24%, while the sector’s cement production also rose 24%. 10 Trade associations for these two sectors, as well as for the Forest Products sector, estimate their members’ total GHG footprint, including carbon “sinks” such as forests and products. See the respective chapters. Criteria Air Pollutants and VOCs Sectors in this report, which emit CAPs and VOCs from energy use and from other processes and activities, emitted 25% of total U.S. point source CAP and VOC emissions in 2002. 11 Sector-specific trend data are not available for CAP and VOC emissions. 12 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT Executive Summary 3
Page 1 and 2: 2008 Sector Performance rePort
Page 3: table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
Page 6 and 7: Key to our work is collaboration wi
Page 10 and 11: Sector Data Side by Side The follow
Page 12 and 13: TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
Page 14 and 15: TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
Page 16 and 17: This report relies upon a variety o
Page 18 and 19: TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
Page 20 and 21: Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
Page 22 and 23: Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
Page 24 and 25: Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
Page 26 and 27: equires 32% more energy per ton of
Page 28 and 29: Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
Page 30 and 31: l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
Page 32 and 33: ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
Page 34 and 35: Chemical facilities purchase electr
Page 36 and 37: conservatively assumes that chemica
Page 38 and 39: Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
Page 40 and 41: Waste Management Reported to TRI In
Page 42 and 43: Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
Page 44 and 45: Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
Page 46 and 47: Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
Page 50 and 51: Figure 4 Trends in Construction and
Page 52 and 53: Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 56 and 57: associations, or government agencie
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disposed or released to air or wate
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Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
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2002 the manufacture of wood produc
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emission controls to the pulping, p
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Water discharges became a major foc
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Iron & Steel 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
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ton of steel shipped improved over
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existing, high-toxicity weighting f
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water that has been reused. Typical
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Metal Casting 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-20
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using a cupola furnace can dehumidi
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Table 1 presents the top TRI-report
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Waste Management Reported to TRI hi
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Oil & Gas AT A GLANCE 1996-2005 1,2
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equipment helps recover the gas. In
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The most widely used EOR technique
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Petroleum refining Latest Environme
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Figure 2 Al TRI HA s Air Emissions
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energy technologies, and improving
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Paint & Coatings 1 AT A GLANCE 1996
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Figure 1 Air Emissions Reported to
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Owned Treatment Works, but may also
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Ports 1 AT A GLANCE 2005: 360 publi
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Increasing Use of Solar Power The P
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developing retrofit and replacement
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“invasive” if they are capable
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shipbuilding & ship repair 1 AT A G
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of marine coatings. CAPs and GHGs a
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Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005
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Shipyards’ stormwater runoff is t
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data Sources, Methodologies, and CO
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Facilities described above must rep
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Data Processing RSEI calculates tox
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• Section 6.2: Transfers to other
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Cement Manufacturing 1. Facilities:
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12. Charles Heizenroth, EPA, person
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Forest Products 1. Facilities: Cens
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40. Includes direct discharges to w
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Public Data Release (PDR) (includes
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Advancing Port Sustainability, Janu
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