2008 Sector Performance Report - US Environmental Protection ...

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2002 the manufacture of wood products counted for 375 trillion Btu, or about 14% of the sector’s energy use; 2,361 trillion Btu, or 86%, was attributable to pulp and paper mills. 6 although fuels with fewer emissions or greater efficiency 11 can be more costly. Air Emissions Air emissions from the sector include criteria air pollutants (CAPs), greenhouse gases (GHGs), and a number of chemicals reported to EPA’s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). Fuel combustion and manufacturing contribute to air emissions from this sector. In general, the “toxic chemicals” tracked by TRI are found in the raw materials and fuels used in the manufacturing process, and can be generated in byproducts or end products. Toxic chemicals from this sector may be generated and emitted to the environment during wood processing, chemical recovery, and papermaking operations in pulp and paper mills and during drying and pressing operations in wood products plants. CAPs and GHGs also are generated as combustion byproducts from onsite energy production and from some production processes and other activities. Air Emissions Reported to TRI Renewable fuels account for the majority of energy use at Forest Products facilities, which represent 93% of all U.S. manufacturing in use of wood byproduct fuels, such In 2005, 1,144 facilities in the sector reported to TRI 206 7 as bark, wood waste, and spent pulping liquor. Bark million absolute lbs. of air emissions. Between 1996 and and wood waste are burned in power boilers to produce 2005, absolute TRI-reported air emissions declined by 24%, electricity and steam for a facility. Pulp manufacturing as shown in Figure 2a. When normalized by the sector’s facilities burn spent pulping liquor, a solution of wood VOS over the period, air emissions decreased 12%, as seen lignin (an organic polymer) from process chemicals, in 12 in Figure 2b. While these 1,144 facilities only accounted recovery boilers to produce steam and regenerate the for about 5% of Forest Products facilities, this number process chemicals. Figure 1 shows fuel used for energy in includes virtually all pulp and paper mills, as well as 2002 in the sector. the larger and more chemically intensive wood products The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) and manufacturing facilities. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) formed the Agenda To consider toxicity of air emissions, EPA’s Risk-Screening 2020 Technology Alliance in 1994 to cut energy use Environmental Indicators (RSEI) model assigns every TRI and emissions through innovations in technology, chemical a relative toxicity weight, then multiplies the manufacturing processes, and market development. pounds of media-specific releases (e.g., pounds of mercury The Alliance, now independent of DOE, partners with released to air) by a chemical-specific toxicity weight to governments and local and international organizations; calculate a relative Toxicity Score. RSEI methodological shares information on new advances such as biorefineries considerations are discussed in greater detail in the Data that produce fuels from wood; and partners on efforts Guide, which explains the underlying assumptions and including research and development into renewable, bio- important limitations of RSEI. based products such as fibers, fuels, and chemicals. 8 Data are not reported to TRI in sufficient detail to Many facilities have achieved long-term reductions distinguish which forms of certain chemicals within in energy intensity through process efficiencies and a chemical category are being emitted. For chemical cogeneration. 9 Cogeneration, or combined heat and categories such as chromium, the toxicity model power (CHP), increases energy efficiency through onsite conservatively assumes that chemicals are emitted in the production of thermal energy and electricity from a single form with the highest toxicity weight (e.g., hexavalent fuel source. Pulp and paper facilities are leaders in using chromium); thus, Toxicity Scores are overestimated for cogenerated energy. About 89% of the electricity generated some chemical categories. Summing the Toxicity Scores at paper mills was cogenerated in 2002. Typically, 99% for all of the air emissions reported to TRI by the sector of the electricity generated at wood products facilities produces the trend illustrated in Figure 2c. is cogenerated. 10 The sector overall produced 37% of all The TRI list of toxic chemicals includes all but six of the cogenerated energy in manufacturing in 2002, second only hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) regulated under the Clean to the Chemical Manufacturing sector. Forest Products Air Act. Regulations regarding combustion byproducts, facilities have opportunities for short-term fuel switching, issued in 1997, required pulp and paper mills to add 56 Forest Products 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT
l Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to TRI 1996–2005 a. Absolute lbs 270.1 M All TRI Chemicals, including HAPs All TRI HAPs lbs in millions 230.8 M 206.2 M 178.3 M 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 b. b Normalized N lbs lbs in n m i llions o 270.1 M 230.8 M 236.5 M 12% 204.5 M 11% 1 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 c. Normalized Toxicity Sc Score Trend 1.0 0 .65 5 .5 .33 3 1996 96 1997 97 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Note: Normalized by annual value of shipments. Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Commerce 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT Forest Products 57
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2008 Sector Performance rePort
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table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
Page 6 and 7:
Key to our work is collaboration wi
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Energy Use The eight sectors for wh
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Sector Data Side by Side The follow
Page 12 and 13: TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
Page 14 and 15: TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
Page 16 and 17: This report relies upon a variety o
Page 18 and 19: TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
Page 20 and 21: Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
Page 22 and 23: Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
Page 24 and 25: Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
Page 26 and 27: equires 32% more energy per ton of
Page 28 and 29: Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
Page 30 and 31: l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
Page 32 and 33: ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
Page 34 and 35: Chemical facilities purchase electr
Page 36 and 37: conservatively assumes that chemica
Page 38 and 39: Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
Page 40 and 41: Waste Management Reported to TRI In
Page 42 and 43: Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
Page 44 and 45: Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
Page 46 and 47: Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
Page 50 and 51: Figure 4 Trends in Construction and
Page 52 and 53: Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 56 and 57: associations, or government agencie
Page 58 and 59: disposed or released to air or wate
Page 60 and 61: Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
Page 64 and 65: emission controls to the pulping, p
Page 66 and 67: Water discharges became a major foc
Page 68 and 69: Iron & Steel 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 70 and 71: ton of steel shipped improved over
Page 72 and 73: existing, high-toxicity weighting f
Page 74 and 75: water that has been reused. Typical
Page 76 and 77: Metal Casting 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-20
Page 78 and 79: using a cupola furnace can dehumidi
Page 80 and 81: Table 1 presents the top TRI-report
Page 82 and 83: Waste Management Reported to TRI hi
Page 84 and 85: Oil & Gas AT A GLANCE 1996-2005 1,2
Page 86 and 87: equipment helps recover the gas. In
Page 88 and 89: The most widely used EOR technique
Page 90 and 91: Petroleum refining Latest Environme
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2 Al TRI HA s Air Emissions
Page 94 and 95: energy technologies, and improving
Page 96 and 97: Paint & Coatings 1 AT A GLANCE 1996
Page 98 and 99: Figure 1 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 100 and 101: Owned Treatment Works, but may also
Page 102 and 103: Ports 1 AT A GLANCE 2005: 360 publi
Page 104 and 105: Increasing Use of Solar Power The P
Page 106 and 107: developing retrofit and replacement
Page 108 and 109: “invasive” if they are capable
Page 110 and 111: shipbuilding & ship repair 1 AT A G
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of marine coatings. CAPs and GHGs a
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Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005
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Shipyards’ stormwater runoff is t
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data Sources, Methodologies, and CO
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Facilities described above must rep
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Data Processing RSEI calculates tox
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• Section 6.2: Transfers to other
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Cement Manufacturing 1. Facilities:
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12. Charles Heizenroth, EPA, person
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Forest Products 1. Facilities: Cens
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40. Includes direct discharges to w
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Public Data Release (PDR) (includes
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Advancing Port Sustainability, Janu
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