2008 Sector Performance Report - US Environmental Protection ...

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Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to TRI 1996–2005 All TRI Chemicals, including HAPs All TRI HAPs Chem a. Absolute lbs a lbs in mi in lmillions mill lbs in m o in l millions ions s 74 sol 8 te M 52.9 M 50.4 M 33.2 M 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 b. Normalized 1996 lbs 74.8 M 52.9 M 46.4 M .4 38% M 30.6 M 42% 6 M 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 c. Normalized Toxicity Score Trend 1.7 1.0 1.0 .4 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Note: Normalized by annual value of shipments. Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Commerce 48 Food & Beverage Manufacturing 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT
Improving Corn Refining Energy Efficiency Corn refining is an energy-intensive industry that processes corn into sweeteners, starches, oils, feed, and ethanol. The variety of products obtained from corn is illustrated below. Since 2003, EPA’s ENERGY STAR® program has worked with member companies of the Corn Refiners Association to implement best energy management practices and develop a sophisticated energy performance benchmarking tool. Using this comparative metric, companies can set goals for improved energy efficiency. EPA recognizes plants in the top quartile of energy performance with the ENERGY STAR label. Three plants earned ENERGY STAR awards in 2006, saving an estimated 2.3 trillion Btu of energy and avoiding carbon Foo ICR _ i dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of 0.15 million metric tons annually. 7 Corn Steeping Degermination (seperation) Grinding & Screening Starch-Gluten Separation (centrifugation) Starch Saccharification or Starch Conversion Steepwater Germ Fiber Gluten Starch Corn Oil Refining Starch Drying Syrup Refining Fermentation and Distillation Steepwater Corn Oil Fiber Gluten Starch Sweeteners Ethanol Feed Products chromium); thus, Toxicity Scores are overestimated for some chemical categories. Summing the Toxicity Scores for all of the air emissions reported to TRI by the sector produces the trend illustrated in Figure 2c. The sector’s Toxicity Score increased by 70% from 1996 to 2005 when normalized by the sector’s annual VOS. The increased Toxicity Score from 1999 to 2002 was due to air emissions of three chemicals: acrolein, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), and chlorine. 8 Acrolein is produced when fats and oils are heated to a high temperature either during oilseed processing or during food cooking in oil. PAC includes a variety of compounds formed during the preservation and processing of food. Chlorine is used in various applications involving food safety and sanitation. Several factors caused the three-year bubble apparent in Figure 2c. A facility in the Primary Commodity Processing subsector started reporting large releases of acrolein in 2000, and two other subsectors started reporting releases in 2001. Also in 2000, EPA lowered the reporting threshold for PAC to 100 pounds, resulting in an additional 61 facilities reporting releases of these chemicals. Finally, a facility reported a large release of chlorine in 1999. The combination of these factors contributed to the four-year “bubble” in the sector’s Toxicity Score shown in Figure 2c. Table 1 presents the top TRI-reported chemicals emitted to air by the sector based on three indicators. Each indicator provides data that environmental managers, trade Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005 = Final Product = Intermediate Product Certain grades of steep water may also be a final product Coproducts Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency N-hexane and ammonia are used as solvents to extract specific properties of grains and oilseeds for use in food processing and industrial applications, such as in the production of corn oil and soybean oil. The industry increased its efficiency in using these two chemicals and has increased the percentage of chemicals that are recycled. To consider toxicity of air emissions, EPA’s Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) model assigns every TRI chemical a relative toxicity weight, then multiplies the pounds of media-specific releases (e.g., pounds of mercury released to air) by a chemical-specific toxicity weight to calculate a relative Toxicity Score. RSEI methodological considerations are discussed in greater detail in the Data Guide, which explains the underlying assumptions and important limitations of RSEI. Data are not reported to TRI in sufficient detail to distinguish which forms of certain chemicals within a chemical category are being emitted. For chemical categories such as chromium, the toxicity model conservatively assumes that chemicals are emitted in the form with the highest toxicity weight (e.g., hexavalent Chemical Absolute Pounds Reported 1 Percentage of Toxicity Score Number of Facilities Reporting 2 Acetaldehyde 3 2,048,000 5% 4 24 Acrolein 24,000 25% 2 Ammonia 11,956,000 2% 408 Hydrochloric Acid 4,224,000 4% 34 Lead 17,000 2% 68 Methanol 3,002,000
Page 1 and 2:
2008 Sector Performance rePort
Page 3: table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
Page 6 and 7: Key to our work is collaboration wi
Page 8 and 9: Energy Use The eight sectors for wh
Page 10 and 11: Sector Data Side by Side The follow
Page 12 and 13: TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
Page 14 and 15: TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
Page 16 and 17: This report relies upon a variety o
Page 18 and 19: TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
Page 20 and 21: Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
Page 22 and 23: Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
Page 24 and 25: Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
Page 26 and 27: equires 32% more energy per ton of
Page 28 and 29: Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
Page 30 and 31: l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
Page 32 and 33: ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
Page 34 and 35: Chemical facilities purchase electr
Page 36 and 37: conservatively assumes that chemica
Page 38 and 39: Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
Page 40 and 41: Waste Management Reported to TRI In
Page 42 and 43: Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
Page 44 and 45: Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
Page 46 and 47: Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
Page 50 and 51: Figure 4 Trends in Construction and
Page 52 and 53: Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
Page 56 and 57: associations, or government agencie
Page 58 and 59: disposed or released to air or wate
Page 60 and 61: Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
Page 62 and 63: 2002 the manufacture of wood produc
Page 64 and 65: emission controls to the pulping, p
Page 66 and 67: Water discharges became a major foc
Page 68 and 69: Iron & Steel 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 70 and 71: ton of steel shipped improved over
Page 72 and 73: existing, high-toxicity weighting f
Page 74 and 75: water that has been reused. Typical
Page 76 and 77: Metal Casting 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-20
Page 78 and 79: using a cupola furnace can dehumidi
Page 80 and 81: Table 1 presents the top TRI-report
Page 82 and 83: Waste Management Reported to TRI hi
Page 84 and 85: Oil & Gas AT A GLANCE 1996-2005 1,2
Page 86 and 87: equipment helps recover the gas. In
Page 88 and 89: The most widely used EOR technique
Page 90 and 91: Petroleum refining Latest Environme
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2 Al TRI HA s Air Emissions
Page 94 and 95: energy technologies, and improving
Page 96 and 97: Paint & Coatings 1 AT A GLANCE 1996
Page 98 and 99: Figure 1 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 100 and 101: Owned Treatment Works, but may also
Page 102 and 103: Ports 1 AT A GLANCE 2005: 360 publi
Page 104 and 105:
Increasing Use of Solar Power The P
Page 106 and 107:
developing retrofit and replacement
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“invasive” if they are capable
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shipbuilding & ship repair 1 AT A G
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of marine coatings. CAPs and GHGs a
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Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005
Page 116 and 117:
Shipyards’ stormwater runoff is t
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data Sources, Methodologies, and CO
Page 120 and 121:
Facilities described above must rep
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Data Processing RSEI calculates tox
Page 124 and 125:
• Section 6.2: Transfers to other
Page 126 and 127:
Cement Manufacturing 1. Facilities:
Page 128 and 129:
12. Charles Heizenroth, EPA, person
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Forest Products 1. Facilities: Cens
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40. Includes direct discharges to w
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Public Data Release (PDR) (includes
Page 136:
Advancing Port Sustainability, Janu
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