Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005 Absolute Percentage Number of Pounds of Toxicity Facilities Chemical <strong>Report</strong>ed 1 Score <strong>Report</strong>ing 2 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 185,100 3 9% 8 Chromium 1,397 19% 4 17 Ethyl Benzene 5 91,900
shrink-wrap vessels or use shrouds to reduce wind speed in the blasting area. In addition, some shipyards use alternative technology such as ultra-high pressure water blasting to reduce PM emissions. Table 2 Criteria Air Pollutant and VOC Emissions 2002 Note: PM 10 includes PM 2.5 emissions. The coatings applied to a vessel’s surface typically contain VOCs that are emitted to the environment during application. To reduce VOC emissions, shipyards have been working with coatings manufacturers to reformulate coatings to reduce the content of VOCs and other air toxics. In addition, shipyards are using new application technologies that reduce overspray and waste, resulting in less paint used overall. Greenhouse Gases Tons SO 2 1,000 NO X 900 PM 10 800 PM 2.5 400 CO 200 VOCs 3,000 Source: U.S. <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Protection</strong> Agency Shipbuilding & Ship Repair GHG emissions are primarily attributable to fossil fuel combustion for non-road equipment. Other likely GHG sources include refrigerants, welding gases, thermal oxidizers to destroy VOCs, and CO 2 -based fire extinguishers. However, there are currently no data available on the quantity of such emissions. The generation of electricity purchased by sector facilities also emits GHGs. To reduce their GHG footprint, facilities in the sector could improve on-site energy efficiency and could purchase electricity produced without combustion of fossil fuels. The American Shipbuilding Association and the Shipbuilders Council of America are working with EPA to develop a tool to measure GHG emissions, which should provide better data on the sector’s GHG emissions in the future. Water Use and Discharges Shipbuilding & Ship Repair firms typically obtain water from public water systems, and sometimes pull water directly out of the rivers for non-contact cooling. There are currently no aggregate data available on the quantity of the sector’s water use. In 2005, 16 facilities reported water discharges of about 19,000 lbs. of TRI chemicals. When normalized by VOS, water discharges declined by 30% from 1996 to 2005. 14 The sector discharges water to Publicly Owned Treatment Works and, in some cases, directly to water bodies. Stormwater run-off is also an important issue for the sector. Proper management of stormwater is a concern for the sector because shipyards are adjacent to major water bodies and include outdoor operations where materials and equipment can be exposed to precipitation. Chemicals discharged in stormwater primarily consist of blasting and painting materials. Of particular interest are discharges of copper, zinc, and lead from anti-foulant coatings, which retard the growth of aquatic organisms. Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Cleaning Drydocks Drydocks, which are typical features of shipyards, are work areas that can be flooded to allow a vessel to enter or leave. The industrial activities that take place on drydocks (e.g., abrasive blasting, painting) can generate significant concentrations of pollutants such as heavy metals, oil and paint residues, spent abrasive, and other debris. Thorough cleaning of the drydock prior to its submergence ensures that these pollutants are not discharged to receiving waters. BAE Systems San Diego, CA, has implemented BMPs to ensure that its dry docks are clean before they are submerged, thus preventing particles generated during ship construction and maintenance from being discharged into nearby waters. Before clean-up activities begin, the company inspects the drydock and determines clean-up details, such as number and size of hoses for washing, number of pumps to collect washwater, and number and capacity of tanks to hold washwater. Some notable practices utilized by BAE Systems during drydock cleaning include: • Ensuring proper trim of the drydock, • Installing splash boards to prevent washwater from spilling into the bay when washing near the edge of the dock, • Monitoring the trough and sump to prevent overflows, • Ensuring sufficient holding capacity for washwater (including planning for rain), • Thoroughly inspecting the drydock after cleaning and before submergence, and • Documenting all of the above actions. 15 <strong>2008</strong> SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT Shipbuilding & Ship Repair 109
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2008 Sector Performance rePort
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table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
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Key to our work is collaboration wi
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Energy Use The eight sectors for wh
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Sector Data Side by Side The follow
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TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
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TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
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This report relies upon a variety o
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TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
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Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
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Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
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Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
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equires 32% more energy per ton of
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Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
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l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
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ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
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Chemical facilities purchase electr
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conservatively assumes that chemica
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Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
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Waste Management Reported to TRI In
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Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
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Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
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Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
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Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
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Figure 4 Trends in Construction and
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Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
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Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to
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associations, or government agencie
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disposed or released to air or wate
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Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
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2002 the manufacture of wood produc
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