2008 Sector Performance Report - US Environmental Protection ...

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Figure 4 Trends in Construction and Demolition Material Recycling in Five States Percent Recycled 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Maryland Virginia Florida 5 States Combined Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Massachusetts Washington Diverting Materials Through Reuse and Recycling Turner Construction, one of the largest construction companies in the United States, joined EPA’s Climate Leaders program in 2007. Turner has a policy to divert construction waste on all projects through reuse and recycling. Substituting reused and recycled materials for virgin materials reduces energy consumption and related GHG emissions. Turner set a goal to divert 50%, or 75,000 tons, of C&D materials in 2007. Over the previous two years, Turner’s Construction Waste Management Program diverted more than 83,000 tons. 22 of revising its methodology for counting C&D debris generation and recycling. Recycling rates vary from state to state. A number of states periodically track C&D debris disposed and recycled, but few states regularly publish the data. Differences in the ways states count disposal and recycling limit the usefulness of comparisons among states. C&D debris recycling data for five states are shown in Figure 4 above. 23 Asphalt pavement is heavily recycled. Construction contractors commonly crush and recycle old asphalt back Table 1 Uses of Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials Concrete is crushed, reinforcement bar is removed, and material is screened for size. Asphalt pavement is crushed and recycled into asphalt, either in-place or at a hot-mix asphalt plant. After removal of nails, asphalt shingles are ground and recycled into hot-mix asphalt. Clean, untreated wood can be re-milled, chipped, or ground. Drywall is typically ground or broken up, and the paper removed. Metal is melted down and reformed. Cardboard is ground and used in new pulp stock. Recycling Markets Road base General fill Drainage media Pavement aggregate Aggregate for new asphalt hot mixes Sub-base for paved road Asphalt binder and fine aggregate for hot mix asphalt Feedstock for engineered particle board Boiler fuel Recovered lumber re-milled into flooring Mulch and compost Animal bedding Gypsum wallboard Cement manufacture Agriculture (land application) Metal products Paper products into pavement. This produces large energy savings because of the energy-intensive process of creating new asphalt binder from oil. Estimates suggest that if all used concrete and asphalt pavement generated annually in the United States were recycled, it would save the energy equivalent of one billion gallons of gasoline, the equivalent of removing more than one million cars from the road. 24 When recycling markets and facilities are nearby, recycling can also reduce material hauling and disposal costs. 25 Table 1 illustrates various uses of recycled C&D materials. 26 Hazardous Waste Management Two hundred and twenty facilities reported 17,000 tons of hazardous waste generated to EPA’s National Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste Report (BR) in 2005. 27 About half of the hazardous waste reported was managed through treatment or destruction, while the other half was disposed. Lead was the predominant hazardous waste type reported (83%), likely due to the removal of old lead paint. With fewer than 0.1% of all construction establishments reporting, these results may not be representative of the sector. 28 44 Construction 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT
Additional Environmental Management Activities Green Building Practices 29 Several types of certification systems now are available to rate green buildings. Of them, the U.S. Green Building Council’s (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System has the most data available. 30 Construction contractors have influence on whether and how a building earns LEED credits; 22 out of the 69 possible credits have some relationship to construction activities. 31 For example, one prerequisite is a site plan to reduce air, water, and soil pollution from construction activities; projects receive points for practices such as material salvaging and recycling. Between 2000 and 2006, the LEED New Construction (NC) credits for which construction contractors often have responsibility grew rapidly, closely tracking the increase in all LEED-certified projects (new construction, existing buildings, and other categories), which went from 5 in 2002, to 960 in the first 8 months of 2007. 32 Individuals can earn LEED Professional Accreditation through the USGBC. Of the 25,700 professionals who were LEED accredited by 2006, 610 identified themselves as general contractors. 34 Energy-Saving Green Building Oscar J. Boldt Construction’s regional office in Stevens Point, WI, the company’s first LEED project, was a notable success both in design and construction. For example, 79% of the C&D materials generated from construction were recycled, and materials used for construction were high in recycled content and in materials assembled, manufactured, and harvested locally. The building also incorporated numerous environmental improvements, such as energy-saving configurations and equipment that reduced energy use by 58%, resulting in energy costs amounting to only 4% of the building’s total operating costs and annual savings of more than $31,000. 33 Environmental Management Systems An environmental management system (EMS) is a set of processes and practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency. Few construction companies operate with an EMS, but more are considering them. In 2004, AGC prepared EMS guidelines and offered training seminars for construction contractors. Since then, the use of EMS appears to be increasing. An AGC survey in 2005 revealed that 13 member companies were developing or operating with an EMS. In 2006, AGC reported the number had grown to 30. 35 Figure 5 Total LEED-New Construction Credits Received by Construction Contractors 2800 Number of Credits Across Projects 2450 2100 1750 1400 1050 700 350 Construction-Related Possibly Construction-Related Total (Construction-and Possibly Construction-Related) 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Source: U.S. Green Buildings Council 2008 SECTOR PERFORMANCE REPORT Construction 45
Page 1 and 2: 2008 Sector Performance rePort
Page 3: table of Contents i Preface 1 Execu
Page 6 and 7: Key to our work is collaboration wi
Page 8 and 9: Energy Use The eight sectors for wh
Page 10 and 11: Sector Data Side by Side The follow
Page 12 and 13: TRI Air Emissions Across Sectors 19
Page 14 and 15: TRI Waste Management Across Sectors
Page 16 and 17: This report relies upon a variety o
Page 18 and 19: TABLE 3 Economic Activity Data for
Page 20 and 21: Presentation of TRI Air Emissions D
Page 22 and 23: Presentation 500,000,000 of TRI Was
Page 24 and 25: Cement Manufacturing 1 AT A GLANCE
Page 26 and 27: equires 32% more energy per ton of
Page 28 and 29: Summing the Toxicity Scores for all
Page 30 and 31: l t , r t i t i Figure 3 Cement Kil
Page 32 and 33: ChemiCal manufaCturing 1 AT A GLANC
Page 34 and 35: Chemical facilities purchase electr
Page 36 and 37: conservatively assumes that chemica
Page 38 and 39: Balanced Water Use at BASF Supply U
Page 40 and 41: Waste Management Reported to TRI In
Page 42 and 43: Colleges & universities 1 AT A GLAN
Page 44 and 45: Criteria Air Pollutants Most CAP em
Page 46 and 47: Construction 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 48 and 49: Figure 1 Fuel Use for Energy 2002 E
Page 52 and 53: Food & Beverage Manufacturing 1 AT
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 56 and 57: associations, or government agencie
Page 58 and 59: disposed or released to air or wate
Page 60 and 61: Forest Products 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-
Page 62 and 63: 2002 the manufacture of wood produc
Page 64 and 65: emission controls to the pulping, p
Page 66 and 67: Water discharges became a major foc
Page 68 and 69: Iron & Steel 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-200
Page 70 and 71: ton of steel shipped improved over
Page 72 and 73: existing, high-toxicity weighting f
Page 74 and 75: water that has been reused. Typical
Page 76 and 77: Metal Casting 1 AT A GLANCE 1996-20
Page 78 and 79: using a cupola furnace can dehumidi
Page 80 and 81: Table 1 presents the top TRI-report
Page 82 and 83: Waste Management Reported to TRI hi
Page 84 and 85: Oil & Gas AT A GLANCE 1996-2005 1,2
Page 86 and 87: equipment helps recover the gas. In
Page 88 and 89: The most widely used EOR technique
Page 90 and 91: Petroleum refining Latest Environme
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2 Al TRI HA s Air Emissions
Page 94 and 95: energy technologies, and improving
Page 96 and 97: Paint & Coatings 1 AT A GLANCE 1996
Page 98 and 99: Figure 1 Air Emissions Reported to
Page 100 and 101:
Owned Treatment Works, but may also
Page 102 and 103:
Ports 1 AT A GLANCE 2005: 360 publi
Page 104 and 105:
Increasing Use of Solar Power The P
Page 106 and 107:
developing retrofit and replacement
Page 108 and 109:
“invasive” if they are capable
Page 110 and 111:
shipbuilding & ship repair 1 AT A G
Page 112 and 113:
of marine coatings. CAPs and GHGs a
Page 114 and 115:
Table 1 Top TRI Air Emissions 2005
Page 116 and 117:
Shipyards’ stormwater runoff is t
Page 118 and 119:
data Sources, Methodologies, and CO
Page 120 and 121:
Facilities described above must rep
Page 122 and 123:
Data Processing RSEI calculates tox
Page 124 and 125:
• Section 6.2: Transfers to other
Page 126 and 127:
Cement Manufacturing 1. Facilities:
Page 128 and 129:
12. Charles Heizenroth, EPA, person
Page 130 and 131:
Forest Products 1. Facilities: Cens
Page 132 and 133:
40. Includes direct discharges to w
Page 134 and 135:
Public Data Release (PDR) (includes
Page 136:
Advancing Port Sustainability, Janu
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