G MS THESIS_final version_Maxim Prokudin.pdf - Digital Repository ...

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305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm51composition piersC(I) + C(K)Unit CellC(I) + C(K)Single PierC(I) + C(K)Group of 2C(I) + C(K)Group of 4C(I) + C(K)Group of 5C(I) + C(K)AVERAGE ST. DEV.Group of 6 COVPier typeDCP TOP
52Nuclear gauge is portable, simple to use and very useful for quality control applications.However, the device possesses some limitation, where depth of penetration is only extendedup to 150 mm and presence of organic matter and coarse particles may induce a discrepancyto the collected results (Randrup and Lichter, 2001). The loess material was deemed to beclean of any organic or coarse material and, therefore, the moisture content deviation of lessthan one percent was expected from the true water content value.The test was carried out according with ASTM D7013-04 and the device was calibrated inthe test bed prior to operation. Nuclear gauge device was used to obtain moisture content anddensity results for test bed prepared for single piers of various composition and can be foundin Table 11. The test results have shown no particular influence of the concrete walls on themoisture content and density results.Shelby Tube SampleBeing unable to utilize nuclear gauge device at depth greater than 150 mm, an additionalmethod was utilized where a soil sample of 72 mm in diameter and 140 mm in height wasextracted from each pier placement location via a Shelby tube and trimmed to the size (SeeFigure 24). The Shelby tube served the purpose of creating a cavity for installation of a 1/10 thscale pier and at the same time was used to obtain a soil sample subjected towards unitweight and moisture content evaluation.While the concept of using the Shelby tube for the purpose of extracting a soil sample andperforming volumetric and moisture content analysis is not new (Handy and Spangler, 2007),the application of the Shelby tube in a scaled pier research is a new idea introduced by thisresearch study. Having the length of the Shelby tube to be 762 mm has made this methodsuitable for the long 610 mm and short 305 mm pier cavity applications. While having boththe diameter of the scaled pier and diameter of the Shelby tube to coincide at 72 mm, the useof the Shelby tube was found to be even more feasible in this research.
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Engineering behavior of small-scale
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viLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Concept
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viiiFigure 62: Stress-settlement te
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xLIST OF TABLESTable 1: Stiffness m
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xiiLIST OF EQUATIONSEquation 1: Ult
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xivSymbol Description Unitsγ dry l
Page 16 and 17: 1CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONIndustry Pr
Page 22 and 23: 7MAKECAVITYPLACESTONE ATBOTTOM OFCA
Page 24 and 25: 9Normal Stress, kPaShear Stress. kP
Page 26 and 27: 11pier element for a maximum of 25
Page 28 and 29: 13savings provided by the system (A
Page 30 and 31: 15The bearing capacity accredited t
Page 32 and 33: 17Equation 12: Load resistance prov
Page 34 and 35: 19Soil conditions at the site were
Page 36 and 37: Settlement (mm)Settlement (mm)10202
Page 38 and 39: 23Site soil conditions were describ
Page 40 and 41: 25Article#ReferenceTable 2: Case st
Page 42 and 43: 27Article#7ReferenceHughes andWithe
Page 44 and 45: 29replaced with method of freezing
Page 46 and 47: UNREINFORCED COLUMNNO COLUMNREINFOR
Page 48 and 49: 33The load carrying capacity was fo
Page 50 and 51: 35Case 5 - Bachus and Barksdale, 19
Page 52 and 53: 37full depth of the consolidated la
Page 54 and 55: 39CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGYCr
Page 56 and 57: 41itself was designed to be support
Page 58 and 59: 43While it is obvious that the chan
Page 60 and 61: 45To perform all the required testi
Page 62 and 63: 47In the areas where access was lim
Page 64 and 65: 49CBR from DCPThe California Bearin
Page 68 and 69: 53The process of using the Shelby t
Page 70 and 71: 15881556144815591597154915271586158
Page 72 and 73: 57Table 14: Top and bottom UC loess
Page 74 and 75: 59Data Collection and SensorsHaving
Page 76 and 77: 61Micro Epsilon displacement transd
Page 78 and 79: 63plate down the cavity through man
Page 80 and 81: 65Beveled Tamper HeadsThe other asp
Page 82 and 83: 67All, aggregate, cementitious and
Page 84 and 85: 69DAQ Data CollectionWhile performi
Page 86 and 87: 71space in the test bed (See Figure
Page 88 and 89: 73(a)(b)(c)Figure 42: Test bed grou
Page 90 and 91: 75CHAPTER 4: MATERIALSThe materials
Page 92 and 93: 7710080LL = 31PI = 7Pass. #200 = 98
Page 94 and 95: 79the second stage of testing. Mois
Page 96 and 97: 81Knowing the gradation characteris
Page 98 and 99: 83More importantly, the performed d
Page 100 and 101: 85Figure 49: Cement type I compound
Page 102 and 103: 87As the expansive and contractive
Page 104 and 105: 89Figure 55: 19 mm polypropylene fi
Page 106 and 107: 91CHAPTER 5: TEST RESULTS AND ANALY
Page 108 and 109: 93Applied stress at top of pier (kP
Page 110 and 111: 95Figure 60: Stress-settlement test
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101Figure 66: Stress-settlement tes
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105Settlement (mm)024681012Applied
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107to the maximum displacement of 1
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109The failure mechanism of other p
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1113000Measured Bearing Capacity (k
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113Applied stress at bottom of the
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119Settlement (mm)0246810Applied st
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121The group efficiency results wer
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123Pier typeAggregate PierUnit Cell
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Page 146 and 147:
131Applied stress at bottom of the
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133Table 33: Group efficiency compa
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135Having a limited amount of exper
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137Stiffness, kPa/mm600500400300200
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139In case with the piers consistin
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141Table 36: Stiffness ratio calcul
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143Some of the loess composition pi
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145Pier typeAggregatePierSingle Pie
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147Another observation was made, wh
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149As previously outlined, the stif
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151pier group efficiency values wer
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Stiffness Ratio1538Figure 91: Stiff
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155CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIO
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157MaterialsLoess-CementVery intrig
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159Groups of PiersGroup of Aggregat
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161CHAPTER 8: FUTURE RESEARCHThe fu
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163Black, J.A., Sivakumar, V., Madh
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165Hanlong, L., An, D., and Yang, S
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167Randrup T.B., and Lichter, J.M.
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169Yeh, Y.K., and Mo, Y.L. (2005).
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171Group EfficiencyAggregate Pier G
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173Aggregate Pier305mm Wedge HeadDC
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175Loess + Fibers305mm Single PierD
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177Sand305mm Single PierDCPI, mm/bl
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179Aggregate Pier305mm Group of 4DC
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181C(I) + C(K)305mm Group of 4DCPI,
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183Aggregate Pier305mm Wedge HeadCB
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185Loess + Fibers305mm Single PierC
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187Sand305mm Single PierCBR, %0 2 4
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189Aggregate Pier305mm Group of 4CB
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191C(I) + C(K)305mm Group of 4CBR,
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