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84friction angle, void ratio and dry unit weight were assumed to be the same as for the onceobtained for scaled limestone aggregate. The justification to such conclusion can be arguedfrom a friction angle point of view, where the research preformed on manufactured sand hadconfirmed the friction angle to be 45.2 degrees (Park and Lee, 2002). Therefore, themanufactured sand material was deemed to be suitable as a substitute for scaled limestoneaggregate and use in scaled aggregate pier application.Grout Piers - Type 1Type I cement, obtained from Holcim, Mason City, Iowa, was primarily implemented in thisresearch as a component for the grout type piers, utilized for partially grouting aggregatepiers, as a cementing material in loess based piers, and also used for pouring pier loaddistributing caps. Type I cement was selected due to its non-expansive nature and widespreadapplication.Typically, the application of cement type I is extended to general use where no special siteconditions are implied. Type I cement is known for high early compressive strength and istypically applied in the environments not effected by drastic changes in temperature,presence of sulfate rich soils, and abrasive environments (FHWA, 1999). Even thoughtypical applications of this cement are not extended to retaining walls or abutments, themixture is very popular in reinforced concrete, masonry units and pre-cast concreteconstruction.The type I cement material itself is typically stored in a form of dry paste and is diluted withwater when ready for application. The image of the cement type I compound is outlined inFigure 49.