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59Data Collection and SensorsHaving developed the pier loading and test bed preparation mechanisms of the pier, the nextstage involved accommodation of load and deflection data collecting sensors. While theprocess of applying the piston of hydraulic jack directly to the top of the pier would have hadno room left for implementation of data collecting sensors, the load application was, thus,developed through an indirect approach. The load applied from the hydraulic jack was,therefore, first transferred to the pancake load cell which in its turn was mounted on top of ahollow steel casing cylinder that in its turn contained a displacement transducer. The entireset-up of pier loading mechanism can be seen in Figure 26.(a)(b)Figure 26: Load cell and LVDT sensor set-up (a) test set-up, (b) in useThe following discussion presents detailed information on all the components of dataacquisition system utilized in this research.Data loggerThe data collecting device was selected to be an IOtech DAQ 3000 Data Logger (See Figure27). The data logger was equipped with analog and digital input and output ports, howeverthe load cell and LVDT could only be connected in the analog mode. A series of signalamplifiers and power supplies were also utilized for the purpose of successfully amplifying
60signal and powering the sensors. The load and displacement data was collected via the datalogger and the DAQView software was used as a viewer program. The analysis of the datawas performed using SigmaPlot and Microsoft Excel Software.Figure 27: DAQ data loggerHoneywell Load cellThe load cell served the purpose of accurately measuring the load applied to the tested pier(See Figure 28). The pancake shape load cell was purely for the compression measurementsonly and was equipped with a button sensor. The load was transferred between the loadbearing frame and the load cell via hydraulic jack. The load cell capability was up to 9,000kg. High measurement rate and great precision made this load cell suitable for the testing tobe performed. Calibration was performed according to the manufacturer’s specifications andthe load measurements were manually verified to be accurate.Figure 28: Honeywell pancake load cell
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Engineering behavior of small-scale
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viLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Concept
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viiiFigure 62: Stress-settlement te
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xLIST OF TABLESTable 1: Stiffness m
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xiiLIST OF EQUATIONSEquation 1: Ult
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xivSymbol Description Unitsγ dry l
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1CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONIndustry Pr
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7MAKECAVITYPLACESTONE ATBOTTOM OFCA
Page 24 and 25: 9Normal Stress, kPaShear Stress. kP
Page 26 and 27: 11pier element for a maximum of 25
Page 28 and 29: 13savings provided by the system (A
Page 30 and 31: 15The bearing capacity accredited t
Page 32 and 33: 17Equation 12: Load resistance prov
Page 34 and 35: 19Soil conditions at the site were
Page 36 and 37: Settlement (mm)Settlement (mm)10202
Page 38 and 39: 23Site soil conditions were describ
Page 40 and 41: 25Article#ReferenceTable 2: Case st
Page 42 and 43: 27Article#7ReferenceHughes andWithe
Page 44 and 45: 29replaced with method of freezing
Page 46 and 47: UNREINFORCED COLUMNNO COLUMNREINFOR
Page 48 and 49: 33The load carrying capacity was fo
Page 50 and 51: 35Case 5 - Bachus and Barksdale, 19
Page 52 and 53: 37full depth of the consolidated la
Page 54 and 55: 39CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGYCr
Page 56 and 57: 41itself was designed to be support
Page 58 and 59: 43While it is obvious that the chan
Page 60 and 61: 45To perform all the required testi
Page 62 and 63: 47In the areas where access was lim
Page 64 and 65: 49CBR from DCPThe California Bearin
Page 66 and 67: 305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 m
Page 68 and 69: 53The process of using the Shelby t
Page 70 and 71: 15881556144815591597154915271586158
Page 72 and 73: 57Table 14: Top and bottom UC loess
Page 76 and 77: 61Micro Epsilon displacement transd
Page 78 and 79: 63plate down the cavity through man
Page 80 and 81: 65Beveled Tamper HeadsThe other asp
Page 82 and 83: 67All, aggregate, cementitious and
Page 84 and 85: 69DAQ Data CollectionWhile performi
Page 86 and 87: 71space in the test bed (See Figure
Page 88 and 89: 73(a)(b)(c)Figure 42: Test bed grou
Page 90 and 91: 75CHAPTER 4: MATERIALSThe materials
Page 92 and 93: 7710080LL = 31PI = 7Pass. #200 = 98
Page 94 and 95: 79the second stage of testing. Mois
Page 96 and 97: 81Knowing the gradation characteris
Page 98 and 99: 83More importantly, the performed d
Page 100 and 101: 85Figure 49: Cement type I compound
Page 102 and 103: 87As the expansive and contractive
Page 104 and 105: 89Figure 55: 19 mm polypropylene fi
Page 106 and 107: 91CHAPTER 5: TEST RESULTS AND ANALY
Page 108 and 109: 93Applied stress at top of pier (kP
Page 110 and 111: 95Figure 60: Stress-settlement test
Page 116 and 117: 101Figure 66: Stress-settlement tes
Page 118 and 119: 103Figure 68: Stress-settlement tes
Page 120 and 121: 105Settlement (mm)024681012Applied
Page 122 and 123: 107to the maximum displacement of 1
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109The failure mechanism of other p
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1113000Measured Bearing Capacity (k
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113Applied stress at bottom of the
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115Figure 76: Stress-settlement tes
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119Settlement (mm)0246810Applied st
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121The group efficiency results wer
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123Pier typeAggregate PierUnit Cell
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Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
131Applied stress at bottom of the
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133Table 33: Group efficiency compa
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135Having a limited amount of exper
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137Stiffness, kPa/mm600500400300200
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139In case with the piers consistin
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141Table 36: Stiffness ratio calcul
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143Some of the loess composition pi
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145Pier typeAggregatePierSingle Pie
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147Another observation was made, wh
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149As previously outlined, the stif
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151pier group efficiency values wer
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Stiffness Ratio1538Figure 91: Stiff
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155CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIO
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157MaterialsLoess-CementVery intrig
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159Groups of PiersGroup of Aggregat
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161CHAPTER 8: FUTURE RESEARCHThe fu
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163Black, J.A., Sivakumar, V., Madh
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165Hanlong, L., An, D., and Yang, S
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167Randrup T.B., and Lichter, J.M.
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169Yeh, Y.K., and Mo, Y.L. (2005).
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171Group EfficiencyAggregate Pier G
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173Aggregate Pier305mm Wedge HeadDC
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175Loess + Fibers305mm Single PierD
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177Sand305mm Single PierDCPI, mm/bl
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179Aggregate Pier305mm Group of 4DC
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181C(I) + C(K)305mm Group of 4DCPI,
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183Aggregate Pier305mm Wedge HeadCB
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185Loess + Fibers305mm Single PierC
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187Sand305mm Single PierCBR, %0 2 4
Page 204 and 205:
189Aggregate Pier305mm Group of 4CB
Page 206 and 207:
191C(I) + C(K)305mm Group of 4CBR,
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