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65Beveled Tamper HeadsThe other aspect of the pier compaction was related to the application of different tamperheads. As it can be seen from Figure 33, various type and design beveled heads were built forthe purpose of compacting scaled piers: cone, truncated cone, flat and wedge tamper heads.(a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 33: Beveled tamper heads (a) cone, (b) truncated cone, (c) flat and (d) wedgeFigure 34: Truncated cone beveled tamper head schematic drawing
66Each being similar in design, except for the shape of the tamping surface, the cone, truncatedcone and flat beveled heads were all 66 mm in diameter and were made out of ANSI 4140hardened steel. While multiple design beveled heads were available for testing, the focus wasmade on utilizing the conventional aggregate pier truncated beveled head and cone shapeheads for most applications in this research. The design drawing for the aggregate piertruncated head is provided in Figure 34.A convenient process of attaching beveled heads to the steel rod was developed, where everybeveled head was attached to the rod by means of a Cleves pin. Thus, having the hammerdrill to be connected to the extended steel rod which in its turn was connected to the scaledsize beveled head, made it possible to easily reproduce the aggregate pier compactionapparatus.Cement MixesWhile most of the aggregate pier and loess pier mixes were compacted using the hammerdrill in even size lifts, the cement mixes were simply delivered to the bottom of the cavity bypouring down the hole and allowing the mixture to cast in place. The mixtures were tampedwith a steel rod to allow the entrapped air to be released.MAKECAVITYPOUR MIX IN VIBRATE TO COMPLETECAVITY ELIMINATE COLUMNTRAPPEDAIRFigure 35: Cementitious pier installation process
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Engineering behavior of small-scale
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viLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: Concept
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viiiFigure 62: Stress-settlement te
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xLIST OF TABLESTable 1: Stiffness m
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xiiLIST OF EQUATIONSEquation 1: Ult
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xivSymbol Description Unitsγ dry l
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1CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONIndustry Pr
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7MAKECAVITYPLACESTONE ATBOTTOM OFCA
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9Normal Stress, kPaShear Stress. kP
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11pier element for a maximum of 25
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13savings provided by the system (A
Page 30 and 31: 15The bearing capacity accredited t
Page 32 and 33: 17Equation 12: Load resistance prov
Page 34 and 35: 19Soil conditions at the site were
Page 36 and 37: Settlement (mm)Settlement (mm)10202
Page 38 and 39: 23Site soil conditions were describ
Page 40 and 41: 25Article#ReferenceTable 2: Case st
Page 42 and 43: 27Article#7ReferenceHughes andWithe
Page 44 and 45: 29replaced with method of freezing
Page 46 and 47: UNREINFORCED COLUMNNO COLUMNREINFOR
Page 48 and 49: 33The load carrying capacity was fo
Page 50 and 51: 35Case 5 - Bachus and Barksdale, 19
Page 52 and 53: 37full depth of the consolidated la
Page 54 and 55: 39CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGYCr
Page 56 and 57: 41itself was designed to be support
Page 58 and 59: 43While it is obvious that the chan
Page 60 and 61: 45To perform all the required testi
Page 62 and 63: 47In the areas where access was lim
Page 64 and 65: 49CBR from DCPThe California Bearin
Page 66 and 67: 305 mm610 mm305 mm610 mm305 mm610 m
Page 68 and 69: 53The process of using the Shelby t
Page 70 and 71: 15881556144815591597154915271586158
Page 72 and 73: 57Table 14: Top and bottom UC loess
Page 74 and 75: 59Data Collection and SensorsHaving
Page 76 and 77: 61Micro Epsilon displacement transd
Page 78 and 79: 63plate down the cavity through man
Page 82 and 83: 67All, aggregate, cementitious and
Page 84 and 85: 69DAQ Data CollectionWhile performi
Page 86 and 87: 71space in the test bed (See Figure
Page 88 and 89: 73(a)(b)(c)Figure 42: Test bed grou
Page 90 and 91: 75CHAPTER 4: MATERIALSThe materials
Page 92 and 93: 7710080LL = 31PI = 7Pass. #200 = 98
Page 94 and 95: 79the second stage of testing. Mois
Page 96 and 97: 81Knowing the gradation characteris
Page 98 and 99: 83More importantly, the performed d
Page 100 and 101: 85Figure 49: Cement type I compound
Page 102 and 103: 87As the expansive and contractive
Page 104 and 105: 89Figure 55: 19 mm polypropylene fi
Page 106 and 107: 91CHAPTER 5: TEST RESULTS AND ANALY
Page 108 and 109: 93Applied stress at top of pier (kP
Page 110 and 111: 95Figure 60: Stress-settlement test
Page 116 and 117: 101Figure 66: Stress-settlement tes
Page 118 and 119: 103Figure 68: Stress-settlement tes
Page 120 and 121: 105Settlement (mm)024681012Applied
Page 122 and 123: 107to the maximum displacement of 1
Page 124 and 125: 109The failure mechanism of other p
Page 126 and 127: 1113000Measured Bearing Capacity (k
Page 128 and 129: 113Applied stress at bottom of the
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115Figure 76: Stress-settlement tes
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119Settlement (mm)0246810Applied st
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121The group efficiency results wer
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123Pier typeAggregate PierUnit Cell
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131Applied stress at bottom of the
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133Table 33: Group efficiency compa
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135Having a limited amount of exper
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137Stiffness, kPa/mm600500400300200
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139In case with the piers consistin
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141Table 36: Stiffness ratio calcul
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143Some of the loess composition pi
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145Pier typeAggregatePierSingle Pie
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147Another observation was made, wh
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149As previously outlined, the stif
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151pier group efficiency values wer
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Stiffness Ratio1538Figure 91: Stiff
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155CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIO
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157MaterialsLoess-CementVery intrig
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159Groups of PiersGroup of Aggregat
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161CHAPTER 8: FUTURE RESEARCHThe fu
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163Black, J.A., Sivakumar, V., Madh
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165Hanlong, L., An, D., and Yang, S
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167Randrup T.B., and Lichter, J.M.
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169Yeh, Y.K., and Mo, Y.L. (2005).
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171Group EfficiencyAggregate Pier G
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173Aggregate Pier305mm Wedge HeadDC
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175Loess + Fibers305mm Single PierD
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177Sand305mm Single PierDCPI, mm/bl
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179Aggregate Pier305mm Group of 4DC
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181C(I) + C(K)305mm Group of 4DCPI,
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183Aggregate Pier305mm Wedge HeadCB
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185Loess + Fibers305mm Single PierC
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187Sand305mm Single PierCBR, %0 2 4
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189Aggregate Pier305mm Group of 4CB
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191C(I) + C(K)305mm Group of 4CBR,
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