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62total of two transducers were used for the purpose of recording tell-tale deflectionmeasurements on both sides of the pier being tested. Thus, by utilizing two sensors thepossibility of the tell-tale plate to be tilted was taken into account. The measurements weremanually recorded while the pier loading and DAQ data collection was taking place. Thestroke length of the displacement transducer was limited to 25 mm. This was a sufficientamount of stroke displacement for the tell-tale movement to be recorded.(a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 30: (a) Humboldt displacement transducer, (b) tell-tale plate, (c) cavity in thesoil with tell-tale plate inserted, and (d) complete set-up of sensorsPier Construction ApproachCavity PreparationTwo main construction approaches were used for the piers built in this research study. As itwill be discussed in more detail in the Materials Section, the piers were constructed of loess,cement, limestone and graded manufactured sand. While the majority of the piers were builtusing a method of ramming material in even size lifts, some of the cement mixtures were castin place.For every pier placement location, once the Shelby tube was pushed and the cavity wascreated, the hole was vacuum cleaned to avoid having lose debris accumulation at the top ofthe pier. The next step in the pier installation procedure was delivering the tell-tale plate tothe bottom of the hole. As it was shown in Figure 30, the approach was taken by forcing the