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Handout 6B: Taking Risks/Facing RisksGender norms/roles and inequalities in power have a huge impact on the HIV risks women and men take.However, other factors are important too, such as age, wealth/poverty, and location (village/town). Keypoints: Women face more risks for HIV than men because of their anatomies. Semen remains in the vagina for along time after penetrative sex. This increases women’s chances of infection from any single sexual act.There are also more viruses in men’s semen than in women’s vaginal fluid. The inside of the vagina isthin. This means it is more vulnerable than skin to cuts or tears that can easily allow HIV into the body.The penis is less vulnerable because it is protected by skin. Very young women are even more vulnerable. This is because the lining of their vagina has not fullydeveloped. With an STI, women are at least four times more vulnerable to infection. Women often donot know they have STIs, as they often show no signs of infection. Women face more risks for HIV than men because they lack power and control in their sexual lives.Women are not expected to discuss or make decisions about sexuality. The imbalance of power betweenmen and women means that women cannot ask for, or insist on, using a condom or other forms ofprotection. Poor women may rely on a male partner for their livelihood. This makes them unable to asktheir partners or husbands to use condoms. It also makes it difficult to refuse sex even when they knowthat they risk becoming pregnant or infected with a STI/HIV. Many women have to trade sex for money or other kinds of support. This includes women who work assex workers. But it also includes women and girls who exchange sex for payment of school fees, rent,food, or other forms of status and protection. Violence against women increases women’s risk for HIV. Men’s rape of women occurs worldwide. Thiscrime is linked to men’s power over women. Forced sex increases the risk for HIV transmission becauseof the bruising and cuts it may produce. Other kinds of physical and emotional violence increasewomen’s risk. Many women will not ask their male partners to use condoms for fear of men’s violentreaction. Women who must tell their partners about STIs/HIV may experience physical, mental, oremotional abuse, and even divorce. Men take more risks with HIV because of how they have been raised. Men are encouraged to beginhaving sex early to prove themselves as men. A sign of manhood and success is to have as many femalepartners as possible. For married and unmarried men, multiple partners are culturally accepted. Men aresometimes ridiculed if they do not show that they will take advantage of all sexual opportunities. Competition is another feature of living as a man. This applies to the sexuality. Men compete withoneanother over who is seen as the bigger and better man. One symbol of manhood is to be sexually daring.This can mean not protecting oneself with a condom, as this would signal vulnerability and weakness.Many men believe condoms lead to a lack of pleasure or are a sign of unfaithfulness. Using condoms alsogoes against one of the most important symbols of manhood, which is having as many children aspossible. Men are seeking younger partners in order to avoid infection. This is based on the belief that sex with avirgin cures AIDS and other infections. On the other hand, women are expected to have sexual relationswith, or marry, older men, who are more likely to be infected.54
6.4 Multiple Sexual Partners, Cross-Generational Sex, and Transactional SexObjectives1. To define concurrent multiple sexual partnerships, cross-generational sex, andtransactional sex2. To explore how rigid gender norms drive these high-risk sexual behaviors3. To identify risks and costs associated with these sexual behaviorsAudienceTimeMaterialsAge: Youth or adults; Sex: Men or mixed groups; Literacy: Medium; Resources:Low60 minutesBlank sheets of paperPens/pencilsSteps 1. Explain that this session will explore three issues related to gender and sexualactivity: 1) men with concurrent multiple sexual partners, 2) men engaging incross-generational sex, and 3) men engaging in transactional sex.2. Divide the participants into three groups and assign one of the following issuesto each.• Group 1: Concurrent Multiple Sexual Partners• Group 2: Cross-Generational Sex• Group 3: Men Engaging in Transactional Sex3. Ask each group to provide a definition of their term. If they prefer, they cansimply provide an example of their term.4. Ask someone from each group to share their definition and/or example. Aseach group presents its definition, ask participants to provide additionalexamples. The definitions should be similar to the following:• Concurrent Multiple Sexual Partners—This means a person isinvolved in more than one sexual relationship at the same time (forexample, a man who is sexually active with his wife, but also has agirlfriend with whom he has sex). .• Cross-Generational Sex—This refers to two sexually-involvedindividuals with at least a 10-year difference in their ages (for example, a30-year-old man who is in a sexual relationship with a 15-year-old girl).• Transactional Sex—This refers to a sexual relationship or sexual actin which the exchange of gifts, services, or money is an important factor(for example, an older man buys a younger girl a cell phone or pays herschool fees in exchange for sex).5. After they have written their definitions, ask each group to discuss thefollowing question:55
Page 1 and 2:
Engaging Men and Boys inGender Norm
Page 3 and 4: Table of ContentsI. Introduction 31
Page 6 and 7: contribute to, and benefit from, al
Page 8 and 9: Introduction tothe EcologicalModelT
Page 10 and 11: EngenderHealth is an international
Page 13 and 14: Objectives1.2 Learning About Gender
Page 15 and 16: Handout 1A: The Gender GameThe Gend
Page 17 and 18: 1.3 Act Like a ManObjectives 1. To
Page 19 and 20: TrainingOptionsand society about ho
Page 21 and 22: ObjectivesAudience1.4 Persons and T
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 2 - Sexuality2.1 Understand
Page 25 and 26: Handout 2A: Definitions and Questio
Page 27 and 28: Handout 2C: Definitions for Circles
Page 29 and 30: 2.2 Want…Don’t Want…Want…Do
Page 31 and 32: make their own decisions about sex
Page 33 and 34: Chapter 3 - Men and Health3.1 Carin
Page 35 and 36: Resource Sheet 5: Gender and Health
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 4 - Substance Use4.1 The Ri
Page 39 and 40: elieve that using alcohol helps pro
Page 41 and 42: Handout 4A: Personal Attitudes and
Page 43 and 44: Handout 4B: Individual Questionnair
Page 45 and 46: to consent to sexual activity.5. Ex
Page 47 and 48: 8. Use the questions below to facil
Page 49 and 50: ObjectivesAudience6.2 Levels of HIV
Page 51 and 52: Handout 6A: Levels of Risk for HIV
Page 53: 1. I am at risk when I think that n
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 7 - Living with HIV7.1 Posi
Page 60 and 61: ClosingNowadays, with advances in m
Page 62 and 63: 7.2 Men, Women, and CaregivingObjec
Page 64 and 65: After considering the specific grou
Page 66 and 67: Resource Sheet: HIV and CaregivingW
Page 68 and 69: 2. Using the talking stick, invite
Page 70 and 71: Handout 8A: Case Studies on Violenc
Page 72 and 73: Objectives8.2 Sexual Violence in th
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 9 - Making Change, Taking A
Page 76 and 77: 9.2 New Kinds of CourageObjectivesA
Page 78 and 79: 9.3 Don’t Stand By, Take ActionOb
Page 81 and 82: Handout 9A: What Men Can Do as Acti
Page 83 and 84: 9.4 Men Holding Men AccountableObje
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 10 - Introductory Activitie
Page 87 and 88: Objectives10.2 What Does Community
Page 89 and 90: Handout 10A: Definitions of Communi
Page 91 and 92: Handout 11A: Theatrical Performance
Page 93 and 94: Sebatha came up with the idea of us
Page 95 and 96: Handout 11C: Painting Murals to Eng
Page 97 and 98: ? How can campaigns change these mi
Page 99 and 100: Handout 11D: Media Campaigns and So
Page 101 and 102: Handout 11E: Creating Media Campaig
Page 103 and 104: Resource Sheet : Examples of Social
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(Translation: Man with a capital M.
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Handout 11F: Health FairsWhen desig
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7. Ask participants for suggestions
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11.6ObjectivesTimeTalk Shows1. To e
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may not have acted before.3. Afterw
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11.7ObjectivesTimeMarches/Rallies L
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11.8ObjectivesTimeReaching Men Thro
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11.9ObjectivesTimeDoor-to-Door Visi
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11.11Action PlanningObjectives 1. T
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Handout 11L: Detailed Activity Info
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Training TipShuffle the male involv
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• Clinical Male Reproductive Heal
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12.2 Getting Tested for HIVObjectiv
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