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Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2Traditional and Historic Background3.1 Traditional Accounts of HaleakalāAccording to Abraham Fornander, the name “Halekalā” is said to be a “misnomer” and isincorrect: Aheleakala is the correct name (Fornander 1919, V, III: 536). He goes on to explainthat Ahelekalā is:The ancient name of Maui’s famous crater, which means, “rays of the sun,” and itwas these which the demigod Maui snared and broke off to retard the sun in its dailycourse so that his mother might be be able to dry her kapas. (Fornander 1918-1919:V:534-36)Fornander (1918-1919:V: 538) further states that an informant, Lemuel K.N. Papa Jr., givesthe correct name is Alehelā “on account of Māui’s snaring the rays of the sun, where the word‘alehe is a variant form of ‘ahele. Both words literally mean “to snare”. “Haleakalā” refers to notonly the literal meaning, but the fact that the sun’s path passes through Haleakalā each morning,thus the common interpretation of the name, “house of the rising sun”. Today, the practice ofdriving up to the summit of Pu‘u ‘Ula‘ula to see the sunrise, by both tourist and kama‘āina,serves to reinforce this perception of the name “Haleakalā”.Inez Ashdown (1971:68) disagrees with Fornander and writes that “Aleha-ka-lā” (Sun-snarer)is a more recent name attributed to the Māui traditions and Māui’s feat of slowing the sun. Shegoes on to say that the name is really “Hale‘a-ka-lā” which refers to the “entire east mountain ofMaui”, while “Hale-a-ka-lā” is the peak over by Kaupō Valley. She writes:The proper name means Consecrated to, or by the sun and is poetically associatedwith Nā Mele o Nā Māhele of that mountain of legends and creation. (Ashdown1971:68.)…or a sacred place of rejoicing because Wa-na-ao, the Dawn, brings the new dayfrom that mountain mass. (Ashdown 1971:30)Included in the first U.S.G.S survey of Haleakalā Caldera report was also a cultural analysisof the place name “Haleakala”:Some of the white residents, learned in the native language, suggest that this nameshould be Hele-o-ka-lá, which means the trap in which the sun was caught. Halemeans a house, but hele means a trap. The prepositions a and o both signify of, but theformer implies an active relation of the la, or sun, while the latter implies a passiverelation; that is to say, a-ka-la means that the sun did something – perhaps built thehouse or dwelt in it. But o-ka-la means that something was done to the sun. Now thereis a well-known myth that Maui, the great hero and Ulysses of the Hawaiians, laid asnare for the sun and caught him, compelling him to make the daylight twelve hourslong instead of eight (Dutton 1883:199).The mountain of “Hale-a-ka-la” (terminology of Westervelt 1910) is the setting for thegreatest deed of the legendary demi-god of Hawaiian literature, Māui. The myth depictingMāui’s power over the travels of the sun is known throughout most of Polynesia, and althoughmany of the details of Māui snaring the rays of the sun may be different (the composition of thesnare, etc.), the importance of Māui capturing the sun as it rose in the east, from the underworld,is a universal detail. The many deeds of the demi-god Māui have become united into aAPPENDIX F (2): Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced 9Technology Solar Telescope (<strong>ATST</strong>) at Haleakalā High Altitude ObservatoriesTMK (2) 2-2-07:008
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2Traditional and Historic Backgroundcontinuous series, known universally to cultural anthropologists as the “Maui Cycle” (Luomala1949).Legends of the goddess Pele are also well known throughout Polynesia. In Rarotonga, Pere,the fire goddess, is the daughter of Mahuika, and it is from her that Māui (the demi-god ofHawai‘i) obtains fire for his family. Pere is driven away from Raratonga by Mahuika, and sheflees to Va-ihi (Hawai‘i). In French Polynesia, Pere exists as the goddess of volcanoes, and inAotearoa (New Zealand), she is known as Pele-honua-mea. In Hawai‘i, Haleakalā was once herhome, but she is now believed to reside on the island of Hawai‘i, at the active volcanic vents ofKīlauea.The traditional lore of Polynesia was recorded by a number of early visitors to the islands ofthe Pacific, and those traditions that include the Hawaiian demi-god Māui, the fire goddess Pele,and references to Mauna Haleakalā are summarized in the following table (Table 1).Table 1. Summary of Traditions Related to HaleakalāLegend Source PageNo.How Māui snaredthe sunArmitage, GeorgeT. and Henry P.Judd (Ghost Dogand other HawaiianLegends)Synopsis61 Reference to the sun rising over the Ko‘olau Gap: (“Hemade a trip over the mountain ridges and across the plainsuntil he came to Mount Haleakalā . He first saw the sunthrough the Koolau Gap and then, like a giant disc, itwheeled over the top of the black crater walls and thence upinto the heavens.”) Māui’s grandmother was said to havelived in Haleakalā Crater, and baked bananas in an ovennear a wiliwili tree where the sun would stop for a meal.Māui snares the sun Colum, Padraic 22,26 Māui observes the sun rising over Haleakalā through abreak in the chasm sides. The correct name for the crater isgiven as “A-hele-a-ka-lā (rays of the sun)”. As the suncomes through the chasm, it eats the bananas cooked byMāui’s grandmother, who lives at Haleakalā. Māui forcesan agreement with the sun, making longer days in thesummer and shorter days in the winter.How Māui snaredthe sun so that hismother’s kapacould dry.Legend of Māuisnaring the sunMāui conquers thesunMāui slows the sunColum, Padraic(Legends ofHawai‘i)Fornander,Abraham(FornanderCollection ofHawaiianAntiquities andFolk-LoreHapai, Charlotte(“Legends of theWailuku”)Lyons, Barbara(“Māui, The47-52 A hele-a-ka-lā (rays of the sun) is given as the old name forHaleakalā. Maui’s grandmother lives on the side ofHaleakalā. The legend explains the longer days of summerand the shorter days of winter.Vol. V:536,538Māui climbs Haleakalā to slow the sun and gives“Aheleakala” as the correct name of the mountain.Māui broke some of the sun’s rays with a coconut husksnare. Fornander’s informant, Lemuel K.N. Papa Jr. givesthe correct name as “Alehela” for the mountain. The namegiven to the sun’s rays which Māui found sleeping in a cavewas “Moemoe”.4-6 Māui travels to Haleakalā from Rainbow Falls, outside ofHilo, to battle the sun. This account gives the explanationfor shorter winter days and longer summer days.15-19 From the tip of Mauna Kahalawai (the meeting placebetween heaven and earth) Haleakalā could be seen. Māui’sAPPENDIX F (2): Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced 10Technology Solar Telescope (<strong>ATST</strong>) at Haleakalā High Altitude ObservatoriesTMK (2) 2-2-07:008
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