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Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2Traditional and Historic Backgroundelevated to the rank of a god. King David Kalakaua collected the following anecdotalinformation about his ancestral demi-god:As told by tradition, the principal abode of the demi-god Maui was Hawaii,although his facilities for visiting the other islands of the group will be consideredample when it is stated that he could step from one to another, even from Oahu toKauai, a distance of seventy miles. When he bathed – and bathing as one of hisgreat delights – his feet trod the deepest basins of the oceans and his hair wasmoistened with the vapor of the clouds. It is related that at one time he reached andseized the sun, and held it for some hours motionless in the heavens, to enable hisindustrious spouse to complete the manufacture of a piece of kapa upon which shewas engaged (Kalakaua 1888:502).3.1.1.2 Stories Collected by Taylor (1870)Aotearoa (New Zealand) has an especially rich collection of material about the demi-godMāui, and it is from this source that the best interpretation of Māui’s deed, and the closest ties toHawai‘i are found.The preservation of the myths of Aotearoa was undertaken in the 1860’s by the Englishmissionary Richard Taylor. Taylor had traveled to Aotearoa immediately following the bitterestfighting between the English military and Maori people, during which the “Maori Wars” [NgaPakanga Nu Nui O Aotearoa, or “The Great Wars of Aotearoa] dispossessed the Maori people ofvast tracts of their traditional cultural lands. The title of Taylor’s book “Te Ika A Maui” literallytranslates as “The Fish of Maui”, the original Maori name for the North Island of Aotearoa. Theislands comprising Aotearoa, according to Maori traditions, were pulled up from the sea floor bya great fish hook commanded by the demi-god Māui.In traditional stories told by the indigenous people who populate the islands of Aotearoa,myths describing the creation of the world and the origins of the Maori people share a commondeity with the indigenous people of the islands of Hawai‘i. Taylor’s writings include legends thatdescribe Māui, the great hero god of Maori legend. In these stories, Māui is represented ashaving the power to lengthen the day by beating the sun and rendering him lame. According toTaylor, the telling of this story was a figurative way of recording the fact that Polynesianmigrations to the temperate zone of the islands of Aotearoa [New Zealand] from the tropicalwaters of Hawaiki [Hawai‘i] had amplified the change in daylight hours, where the days arenecessarily longer in Aotearoa.Taylor’s writings also documented myths of Māui’s attempts to prolong man’s life anddestroy the power of death. Māui was said to have had the power to enter the underworld, andthat he devised a plan to do so during the daylight hours, in order to cheat the power of the godof death. But his efforts to bring life to those already in the grave ended in tragedy for Māui.Instead of emerging from the underworld unscathed, Māui was tricked, and perished.In the traditional stories of Māui in Aotearoa, his superhuman abilities were balanced by asmall defect in his upbringing. As the grand hero of Maori mythology, he was given powers notunlike Achilles, where, because a tiny detail was overlooked, Māui grew up as a mortal being.The Maori people believed that after Māui was born, his mother [Taranga] cut off her longAPPENDIX F (2): Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced 15Technology Solar Telescope (<strong>ATST</strong>) at Haleakalā High Altitude ObservatoriesTMK (2) 2-2-07:008
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2Traditional and Historic Backgroundtresses of hair, wrapped Māui in them, and cast him into the sea. The winds and storms becamehis home:Wave-uplifting gales nursed him, and at last threw him up on the shore, where hewas found by his great ancestor Tama-nui-ki-te-rangi, who carried him to his houseand suspended him from the roof, that the smoke and warm air might restore him;thus he grew up and his mother called him Maui-tiki-tiki-a Taranga, or “Mauiformed in the top-knot of Taranga”; his father Makea-tu-tara, at his baptism,omitted some of the Karakias [spells or incantations], and this caused Maui to besubject to death (Taylor 1870:124).Māui was raised as the youngest of six children. A precocious child, he would wait until hisfive brothers had finished a day’s fishing: “he would then throw his hook into the water, and atone pull catch more fish than they had all taken together.” Secretly, Māui had taken the jaw-boneof his grandfather Muri Rangawhenua, made a fish-hook of it, and kept it concealed as apowerful spirit-hook.One of Māui’s colossal works was tying the sun and moon together, so that having run theirdaily courses, they should return to their starting place. After Māui had forced the sun to travelmore slowly across the sky, thus increasing the length of the day, his name came to mean“Tama-nui-te-ra”, or “the great man day”.Hawaiki [Hawai‘i] were the islands seen as the cradle of Polynesia by the indigenous peopleof Aotearoa. From the original stories of the Maori come the legend that at one time, thetuawhenua, or the main land, was united all the way to Hawaiki [Hawai‘i] before Kupe came,cutting the land in two and allowing the sea to fill in between the two lands. Kupe was chief andmaster of the first canoe, named Mataorua, which brought the first migration from Hawai‘i tothe islands of Aotearoa.In the traditions of the Maori, the names of all seventeen canoes and the names of eachprominent family making the journey to Aotearoa are sacred. The canoe that carried Māui,Auraro tuia, was said to have been crafted by the master builder Tutaranaki. In the list of thetwenty-six generations of the Maori people, Māui is of the second generation, a demi-god rankedjust below that of the father of man, Tiki. In the traditions of the Maori, Tiki took red clay andkneaded it with his own blood, and so formed the eyes and the limbs, and then gave the imagebreath. In this way, Tiki made man in the image of himself.Hawai‘i is the name of the largest island in the Hawaiian Island Chain. In the language ofAotearoa, Hawai‘i is called Hawaiki tawiti nui, or the very distant Hawaiki. The legends of themigration of the Maori speak of Hawaiki pata, or nearer Hawaiki, (literally “the lesser isle”).This island, being smaller than Hawaiki, was the Maori name given to Tahiti. The legends speakof migrating islanders remaining in Tahiti until their numbers were too large for the size of theisland, causing a further migrations to Hawaiki i te moutere; or, the other islands of Polynesia(Taylor 1870).3.1.1.3 Legends Collected by Fornander (1919)Fornander states, “No demigod of Hawaii figures so prominently in Polynesian mythology asdoes Māui, nor the hero of so many exploits throughout these islands. This accounts for thevarious localities claiming to be his birthplace.”APPENDIX F (2): Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced 16Technology Solar Telescope (<strong>ATST</strong>) at Haleakalā High Altitude ObservatoriesTMK (2) 2-2-07:008
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