F2 - ATST

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2Traditional and Historic Backgroundby Gordon A. Macdonald for the East Maui portion of the study (Stearns 1942:14). Stearns madethe first detailed study of the geology of Haleakalā, being the first to scientifically show that thesummit depression of Haleakalā was of erosional origin, a concept suggested earlier by WhitmanCross, in his paper “Lavas of Hawaii and their relations”, written for the U.S. Geological Surveyin 1915.Stearns described the processes by which the crater was formed from the original volcaniceruptions that built the enormous mountain of Haleakalā (Stearns 1942:61). He estimated thatthe original height of the mountain had been at least a thousand feet taller that its’ present heightof 10,000 feet. Heavy rainfall in both the Ke‘anae and Kaupō regions of the mountain began tocarve away two valleys, soon joined by erosional valleys at Kīpahulu and Waiho‘i (Stearns1942:61).Changes in the level of the ocean caused the deep stream valleys to partially “drown”,causing widening of the valleys, and huge deposits of alluvium to be deposited along thedrowned valley walls. At a time when the sea level was near its’ present point, Kaupō Valleyexperienced an cataclysmic mudflow, sweeping everything in its’ path to the ocean, and creatingthe Kaupō Gap. Although the geologic signs of such a catastrophe had not been found atKe‘anae, Stearns theorized that the same type of event probably occurred to create the Ko‘olauGap. Stearns also stated:Haleakalā would now have at least 5 or perhaps 7 large permanent rivers had notthe ancient valleys been deeply buried by thick mud flows, alluvial deposits, andhundreds of feet of highly permeable Hana lavas. Only long expensive tunnels can tapthese buried rivers (Stearns 1942:90).Following a period of accelerated erosion, owing to the valley openings toward the seabelow, deep amphitheater-shaped cliff-lines at the head of both the Ke‘anae and Kaupō valleyscarved their way further toward the summit of Haleakalā. Renewed volcanic activity producedlines of cinder cones across the crater floor and along the outer slopes at rift zones where newlava could force its way to the surface (Stearns 1942:72). Stearns found evidence that powerfulearthquakes may have been the triggering force for landslides that carved gaps, and created riftzones that criss-crossed the summit of Haleakalā (Stearns 1942:59).During Stearns investigation of the interior of the crater, he noted various geologic structuresassociated with the volcanic forces that built the cinder cones. In addition, he reviewed notes byFrank Hjort, ranger-in-charge at Haleakalā National Park, who had conducted an investigation ofthe “Bottomless Pit”. Within the pit, which actually measured 75 feet deep, Hjort had observedthe existence of sealed jars containing the umbilical cords of infants (Stearns 1942:100).3.4.2 Military Use of the Haleakalā National ParkPrior to World War II, the United States military sought sites for “unspecified defenseinstallations” at the summits of both Mauna Loa and Haleakalā. On April 29, 1941, the WarDepartment was granted a special use permit by the U.S. Department of the Interior to utilize asix-acre portion of the summit at Pu‘u ‘Ula‘ula , adjacent to lands located just outside of theboundary of Haleakalā National Park at Kolekole (Jackson 1972:130). At the time of the PearlHarbor attack, December 7, 1941, the Pu‘u ‘Ula‘ula installation was not operational. Just prior tothe Battle of Midway, in June, 1942, U.S. Army radar and communications equipment atAPPENDIX F (2): Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced 33Technology Solar Telescope (<strong>ATST</strong>) at Haleakalā High Altitude ObservatoriesTMK (2) 2-2-07:008
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code: HALEA 2Traditional and Historic BackgroundHaleakalā was finally ready. Technical design problems caused intermittent radar failures untilMarch, 1943, when the facility was operationally abandoned.Although the public had been barred from access to the summit under Martial Law, followingthe outbreak of WWII, partial access to the National Park occurred in October 1942, with fullaccess returned to the public in February 1943 (Jackson 1972:131).In November, 1943, new plans for defense construction at Haleakalā were drawn up by themilitary, with construction commencing May 1944. The peak of Pu‘u ‘Ula‘ula was leveled off,and a series of 90-foot tall radio masts were installed at the crater summit (Jackson 1972:131).Throughout the “War Years” of WWII, various areas of the island of Maui were utilizedeither as military bases or as military training areas. The trails across the crater of Haleakalāwere deemed ideal for long-distance training marches. Between 1942 and 1945, various units ofthe U.S. Army Infantry’s 27 th Division, 40 th Division, 33 rd Division, and 98 th Division, as well asunits of the U.S. Marine Corps’ Fourth Marine Division, could be found making their way acrossthe shifting cinders of the crater floor (Mary Cameron-Sanford, personal communication, 2007).By 1945, a second defense installation adjacent to Pu‘u ‘Ula‘ula, at Kolekole, was inoperation. Although the end of the war rendered the Haleakalā facilities obsolete, the remnantradio masts remained an eyesore until they were finally removed by the military in 1950. TheU.S. Air Force maintained a loose “caretaker status” over the abandoned military buildings at thesummit until 1955, when the University of Hawai‘i was granted permission from the federalgovernment to pursue solar studies from the existing military buildings (Jackson 1972:132).Between 1956 and 1958, a number of unused buildings were removed by the U.S. Air Force.At that time, the Department of the Navy was conducting a project related to the atomic bombtests in the South Pacific (Jackson 1972:134). In 1959, the Hawai‘i Air National Guard requestedconstruction be undertaken at the summit for new communications and radar equipment, but therequest was argued in Washington D.C., with astronomy researchers and the military at oddsabout the location of various facilities at the summit. Negotiations were not completed until1964, when it was decided that Pu‘u ‘Ula‘ula would be cleared of all former military debris, andthat all future use of the summit would either be relegated to Kolekole (the present-day “ScienceCity”) or just below Hosmer’s Grove: both outside lands maintained by the National ParkService (Jackson 1972:134-140).Table 2. Development Timeline atop HaleakalāDATEcirca 1600EVENTRoad through crater floor from Kaupō to Ke‘anae built by Kihaapi‘ilani.1841 First scientific descent into crater (Wilkes Expedition, U.S. Navy).1866 Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) at summit of Haleakalā1894 C. W. Dickey Summit Rest House completed.1916 Haleakalā National Park established: 19,276 acres1921 First archaeological study of Haleakalā by Emory1925 First telephone service from Olinda to Summit Rest House.1935 Construction and paving of first road to the summit completed.APPENDIX F (2): Supplemental Cultural Impact Assessment For the Proposed Advanced 34Technology Solar Telescope (<strong>ATST</strong>) at Haleakalā High Altitude ObservatoriesTMK (2) 2-2-07:008
Page 1 and 2: APPENDIX F(2)New for FEISSupplement
Page 4 and 5: Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code
Page 90 and 91:
Cultural Surveys Hawai‘i Job Code
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148:
show all

F2 - ATST

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?