4.15 MB - Food Security Clusters

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CaloriesSouth Sudan: How a new country can feed its peopleWhat is driving food insecurityin South Sudan?Food insecurity is defined by thequantity and quality of the diet that ahousehold is able to consume. In turn,this depends on the availability of differentfood items in a particular area and during acertain season, and the entitlements that ahousehold has to access these foods throughown production, market purchase orgathering. This section explores the extent towhich diet deficiencies 6 are caused byavailability or access constraints across thedifferent states.Food ProductionFigures 1.5 demonstrates the link betweenfood supply and food intake. In those stateswhere calorie intake is relatively high(Western Equatoria and Eastern Equatoria),households tend to be much more reliant ontheir own production for their overall calorieintake. The exception is Central Equatoria,where markets are the predominant sourcebecause much of the population isconcentrated in the capital Juba. Table 1.7shows that households with an average dailyper person calorie intake above 2100 kcal,typically rely more on their own production asa calorie source. The potential for boostingagricultural production will be explored indetail in Chapter 2.Wealth and Food SecurityHowever, boosting food production is not apanacea. The lack of physical and economicaccess to food also drives food insecurity.South Sudan’s market infrastructure andprices will be explored in Chapter 7.With more than half the population classifiedas poor, many simply cannot afford to buysufficient or varied food. Table 1.8 shows thatonly eight percent of the poor in South Sudanhave a calorie intake above 2100 kcalcompared with 24% of the non-poor.But poverty alone does not explaininadequate food intake (see Figure 1.9). Thereare wide discrepancies between poverty ratesand food deprivation in Upper Nile, Unity,Northern and Western Bahr el Ghazal, andWestern and Eastern Equatoria. Therelationship between poverty and foodinsecurity is further explored in Chapter 3.Figure 1.5 – Share of calorie source by state300025002000150010005000Source: based on calculation from NBHS 2009 dataTable 1.7 – Share of calories by source (%)Table 1.8 – Poverty and calorie intake (%)Poor Non-poorLess than 2100 kcal 42 26More than 2100 kcal 8 24South Sudan 50 50Sources: NBHS, 2009away from homeother sourcesown productionpurchasePurchase Own Other OutsideproductionhomeLess than 2100kcal67 20 11 2More than 2100kcal56 28 15 2South Sudan 63 22 12 2Sources: NBHS, 20096 Here a cut-off of 2100 kcal per person per day is used toapproximate the requirement at the household level. The2100 kcal threshold is an approximation of individualneeds without correcting for sex, age and bodyweight.10
Underweight (%)South Sudan: How a new country can feed its peopleFigure 1.9 – Food deprivation and povertySource: based on calculation from NBHS 2009 dataEducationEducation is a key factor in food security.Higher education can provide greateropportunity to earn income and supportsenhanced health status, hygiene practices andbasic nutrition awareness all of whichcontribute to the nutrition status ofindividuals. This is demonstrated by a positiverelationship between literacy rates andnutrition wellbeing (Figure 1.10). In Unitywhere just 3.2% of 14-24 year old women areliterate nearly half (49%) of all under-fives areunderweight. By comparison, literacy ratesrise to 27% for women of the same age inCentral Equatoria where the proportion ofunderweight children is 22%.Figure 1.10 – Literacy and underweight60.050.040.030.020.010.0UnityWarrap NBGJongleiEasternEquatoriaLakesWBGWesternEquatoriaR² = 0.5909Upper NileCentralEquatoriaSource: SHHS, 2010Illness and DiseaseFigure 1.11 demonstrates the variations bystate in incidences of fever/malaria and childmortality. While Jonglei, Lakes and WesternEquatoria have high incidences relatively fewchildren die compared with Upper Nile,Northern Bahr El Ghazal and EasternEquatoria. These issues and the linkagesbetween food security and undernutrition willbe further explored in Chapter 4.Conflict and InstabilityAnother important driver of food insecurity inSouth Sudan is the ongoing issue of conflictand instability. Border issues with Sudan(particularly the region of Abyei), intercommunalconflicts and cattle raiding lead toinsufficient investment in land andinfrastructure, destruction of crops andlivestock assets and insecurity. All of whichdirectly impact food insecurity. The impact ofconflict on food security is covered in Chapter5.Natural DisastersIn this fragile operating environment, floodsand droughts exacerbate the situation andcan have grave consequences for foodinsecurity. Seventy one percent of peopleaffected by floods or droughts in 2009consumed fewer than 2100 kcals per persondaily. Natural disasters and the consequencesfor livelihoods and food security will beexplored in Chapter 6.Figure 1.11 – Malaria and child mortality0.00 10 20 30Literacy (young women 14-24 years)Source: SHHS, 201011Source: SHHS, 2010
Page 2 and 3: Front page image: Lydia Wamala/WFPA
Page 5: Report on Food Security and Nutriti
Page 11 and 12: MAPS/TABLES/FIGURESList of MapsMap
Page 15 and 16: BACKGROUNDFood Security backgroundF
Page 17 and 18: MeasuringFood Insecurity inSouth Su
Page 19 and 20: South Sudan: How a new country can
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