<strong>Virtue</strong> Is Impeccable”).2007 [245] Kupperman, Joel J. (2007): Ethics and Qualities of Life, Oxford, S. 183–90 (“Appendix: <strong>Virtue</strong>Ethics”).2009 [246] Kupperman, Joel J. (2009): <strong>Virtue</strong> in <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics, Journal of Ethics 13, S. 243–55. 581946 [247] Laird, J. (1946): Act-Ethics and Agent-Ethics, Mind 55, S. 113–32.2008 [248] Lara, Amy (2008): <strong>Virtue</strong> Theory and Moral Facts, Journal of Value Inquiry 42, S. 331–52.2009 [249] LeBar, Mark (2009): <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics and De<strong>on</strong>tic C<strong>on</strong>straints, Ethics 119, S. 642–71.1994 [250] Lemos, John (1994): The Unity of the <strong>Virtue</strong>s and Its Recent Defenses, Southern Journal ofPhilosophy 32, S. 85–106.2007 [251] Lemos, John (2007): Foot and Aristotle <strong>on</strong> <strong>Virtue</strong>s and Flourishing, Philosophia 37, S. 43–62. 591997 [252] Little, Margaret O. (1997): <strong>Virtue</strong> as Knowledge: Objecti<strong>on</strong>s from the Philosophy of Mind, Nous31, S. 59–79.1993 [253] Littlejohn, R<strong>on</strong>nie L. (1993): Ethics. Studying the Art of Moral Appraisal, Lanham, S. 115–27(“Resp<strong>on</strong>sibility Descripti<strong>on</strong>s Using <strong>Virtue</strong> and Vice C<strong>on</strong>cepts”).1999 [254] Liszka, James Jakób (1999): Moral Competence. An Integrated Approach to the Study of Ethics,Upper Saddle River, NJ., S. 114–94 (“<strong>Virtue</strong> and Vice”).1984 [255] Louden, Robert B. (1984): On Some Vices of <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics, American Philosophical Quarterly21, S. 227–36. Wiederabgedruckt in <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics, hrsg. v<strong>on</strong> Roger Crisp und MichaelSlote, Oxford 1997, S. 201–16 sowie in <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics. A Critical Reader, hrsg. v<strong>on</strong>Daniel Statman, Edinburgh 1997, S. 180–93. – Einige Laster <str<strong>on</strong>g>Tugendethik</str<strong>on</strong>g>, in <str<strong>on</strong>g>Tugendethik</str<strong>on</strong>g>,hrsg. v<strong>on</strong> Klaus Peter Rippe und Peter Schaber, Stuttgart, S. 185–212.1986 [256] Louden, Robert B. (1986): Kant’s <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics, Philosophy 61, S. 473–89. Wiederabgedruckt in<strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics. A Critical Reader, hrsg. v<strong>on</strong> Daniel Statman, Edinburgh 1997, S. 286–99.1990 [257] Louden, Robert B. (1990): <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics and Anti-Theory, Philosophia 20, S. 93–114.2005 [258] Lovib<strong>on</strong>d, Sabina (2005): <strong>Virtue</strong>, Nature, and Providence, in <strong>Virtue</strong>, Norms, and Objectivity.Issues in Ancient and Modern Ethics, hrsg. v<strong>on</strong> Christopher Gill, Oxford, S. 99–112.2002 [259] Luckner, Andreas (2002): Handlungen und Haltungen. Zur Renaissance der <str<strong>on</strong>g>Tugendethik</str<strong>on</strong>g>,5859“This paper represents two polemics. One is against suggesti<strong>on</strong>s (made by Harman and others) that recentpsychological research counts against any claim that there is such a thing as genuine virtue (Cf. Harman,in: Byrne, Stalnaker, Wedgwood (eds.) Fact and value, pp 117–127, 2001). The other is against the viewthat virtue ethics should be seen as competing against such theories as Kantian ethics or c<strong>on</strong>sequentialism,particularly in the specificati<strong>on</strong> of decisi<strong>on</strong> procedures.”“This article compares the views of Foot and Aristotle <strong>on</strong> virtues and flourishing. It is argued that the viewput forward in Philippa Foot’s recent book, Natural Goodness, suffers from a certain sort of vagueness andit is open to other criticisms which the Aristotelian view can avoid. Foot’s views have been subjected tocriticism in the recent literature by David Copp and David Sobel. These criticisms are given c<strong>on</strong>siderati<strong>on</strong>in the article and it is argued that the more traditi<strong>on</strong>al Aristotelian view advocated by the author will havethe means to answer some of these criticisms whereas Foot’s view will not.”26
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 50, S. 779–96.2007 [260] McAleer, Sean (2007): An Aristotelian Account of <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics: An Essay in Moral Tax<strong>on</strong>omy,Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 88, S. 208–25. 601979 [261] McDowell, John (1979): <strong>Virtue</strong> and Reas<strong>on</strong>, M<strong>on</strong>ist 62, S. 331–50. Wiederabgedruckt inMcDowell, Mind, Value, and Reality, Cambridge, Mass. 1998, S. 50–73.1990 [262] Macedo, Stephen (1990): Liberal <strong>Virtue</strong>s, Oxford.1992 [263] Macedo, Stephen (1992): Charting Liberal <strong>Virtue</strong>s, in <strong>Virtue</strong> (Nomos 34), hrsg. v<strong>on</strong> John W.Chapman und William A. Galst<strong>on</strong>, New York, S. 204–32.1998 [264] Machan, Tibor R. (1998): Generosity: <strong>Virtue</strong> in the Civil Society, Washingt<strong>on</strong>. 611981 [265] MacIntyre, Alasdair (1981): After <strong>Virtue</strong>. A Study in Moral Theory, Notre Dame (2 nd editi<strong>on</strong>:Notre Dame 1984). – Der Verlust der Tugend. Zur moralischen Krise der Gegenwart,Frankfurt a. M. 1987.1988 [266] MacIntyre, Alasdair (1988): Sōphrosunē: How a <strong>Virtue</strong> Can Become Socially Disruptive, inMidwest Studies in Philosophy Vol. XIII: Ethical Theory: Character and <strong>Virtue</strong>, hrsg.v<strong>on</strong> Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr. und Howard K. Wettstein, Notre Dame,S. 1–11.1992 [267] MacIntyre, Alasdair (1992): <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics, in Encyclopedia of Ethics, hrsg. v<strong>on</strong> Lawrence C.Becker und Charlotte B. Becker, New York, L<strong>on</strong>d<strong>on</strong>, Vol. II, S. 1276–82.1999 [268] MacIntyre, Alasdair (1999): Dependent Rati<strong>on</strong>al Animals. Why Human Beings Need the <strong>Virtue</strong>s,Chicago.2010 [269] McAleer, Sean (2010): Four Soluti<strong>on</strong>s the the Alleged Incompleteness of <strong>Virtue</strong> Ethics, Journalof Ethics and Social Philosophy 4 (3), S. 1–20. http://jesp.org/articles/view.php?id=47.– Zu [220].1977 [270] Mackie, John Leslie (1977): Ethics. Inventing Right and Wr<strong>on</strong>g, Harm<strong>on</strong>dsworth, S. 186–89(“<strong>Virtue</strong>”). – Ethik. Die Erfindung des moralisch Richtigen und Falschen, durchge-6061“I argue that a virtue ethics takes virtue to be more basic than rightness and at least as basic as goodness.My account is Aristotelian because it avoids the excessive inclusivity of Martha Nussbaum's account and thedeficient inclusivity of Gary Wats<strong>on</strong>'s account. I defend the account against the objecti<strong>on</strong> that Aristotle doesnot have a virtue ethics by its lights, and c<strong>on</strong>clude with some remarks <strong>on</strong> moral tax<strong>on</strong>omy.”The author, Machan@Chapman.edu, 1 October, 1997: “The virtue of generosity is a sp<strong>on</strong>taneous, thoughrati<strong>on</strong>ally cultivated, dispositi<strong>on</strong> of pers<strong>on</strong>s to extend their help to others who can use and deserve it. Aswith other virtues, generosity presupposes that pers<strong>on</strong>s can make free choices as to how they will act. Its fullflourishing in a community requires, furthermore, that the rights to liberty of acti<strong>on</strong> are fully respected andprotected. C<strong>on</strong>tending, as some do, that generous c<strong>on</strong>duct may be elicited by coercive measures orprohibiti<strong>on</strong>s laid down against trade – e.g., so as to encourage blood d<strong>on</strong>ati<strong>on</strong>s – is wr<strong>on</strong>gheaded. Coerced“generosity” is not virtous and removing the opti<strong>on</strong> to trade also does violence to the c<strong>on</strong>diti<strong>on</strong>s required forvirtous generosity. In their eagerness to provide for the needy, some thinkers make public policy proposalsthat destory the human capacity for virtous generosity. Only if men and women are left free – that is, if theylive in civil society – can they be expected to act as they should, including generously, when that isappropriate.” (Amaz<strong>on</strong>.co.uk)27
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