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Campaigns and awareness raising strategies in traffic safety — Deliverable D-1.1Scottish Executive Social Research (2004) Scottish Executive evaluation onthe 2003-2004 festive drink drive campaign. Scottish Executive. UK.Solomon M.G., Nissen W.J. & PREUSSER D.F. (1999) Occupant ProtectionSpecial Traffic Enforcement Program Evaluation. DOT HS 808 884 U.S.Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.Spolander K., (1989) How to reduce speeding? The results of combinedmeasures. Nationalfoereningen foer trafiksaekerhetens fraemjande, Kista,Sweden. Accessed via CAST partner.Stockholms trafiksäkerhetsförening (1993) Kepsprojektet 1993. Rapport frånarbetsgruppen. Accessed via CAST partner.System Three Scotland (1996) Evaluation of Speedwatch: a study of the 1995speedwatch campaign. The Scottish Office Central Research Unit.Systeme Three Social Research Unit. (1996) Evaluation of young drivercinema advert. The Central Research Unit, Edinburgh.Systeme Three Social Research Unit. (1997) The effectiveness of leaflets inroad safety. The Scottish Office.Tarawneh T.M., Singh V.A., McCoy P.T., (1996) Investigation of effectivenessof media advertsising and police enforcement in reducing red-light violations.Transportation Research Record 1693, pp. 37-45.Trivector (1988) Feedbackskyltars hastighetsdämpende effekt - analys av enkampanj i Göteborg. Accessed via CAST partner.Van Houten R., Nau P.A., Marini Z., (1980) An analysis of public posting inreducing speeding behaviour on an urban highway. Journal of AppliedBehavior Analysis 13, pp. 383-395.Van Houten R., Nau P.A., (1983) Feedback interventions and driving speed: Aparametric and comparative analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis16, pp. 253-281.Wojtowicz G.G., Peveler L.A., Eddy J.M., Waggle S.B., Fitzhugh E.C., (1992)The Midfield High School safety belt incentive program. Journal of SchoolHealth 62, pp. 407-410.ZUTSHI I., CAVALLO A. (1989) Evaluation of the " keep left unless overtaking" regulation. 1989/02 Road Safety Division, Vic Roads, Victoria.Richtig gut ankommen (2005). Accessed via CAST partner.The Eurobob camaign 2006/2007 (draft) (2007). Accessed via CAST partner.136
Campaigns and awareness raising strategies in traffic safety — Deliverable D-1.1APPENDIX A –ENFORCEMENT AND CAMPAIGN EFFECTComparison of bivariate analyses of effect of enforcement accompanyingcampaigns on accident counts, for those studies included in CAST that derivefrom the GADGET and INFOEFFEKT projects. (Small differences betweenthese results and those reported in GADGET and INFOEFFEKT are presentbecause (i.) not all studies were included in CAST, due to reconsideration ofevaluation studies after CAST criteria, and (ii) there are possibly differences ininterpretation by researchers on respective projects as to what constitutesenforcement activity.)Table A1. Results from meta-analysis of studies based on accident counts in CAST database.Model used to describe effectDescriptionDegreesfreedomRandom effects Fixed effects Random effects+ publicationbiasFixed effects +publication biasCAST, all (accident counts) 112 -13 (-16; -9) -10 (-12; -9) -6 (-9;-1) -7 (-8;-6)CAST, enforcement 78 -14 (-18; -9) -12 (-13; -10) -12 (-17;-8) -11 (-12;-10)CAST, no enforcement 31 -11 (-18; -4) -6 (-8; -3) -10 (-16;-2) -5 (-8;-3)GADGET, all 76 -13 (-17; -10) -13 (-14; -11) -11 (-14;-6) -10 (-12;-9)GADGET, enforcement 53 -15 (-19; -11) -14 (-15; -12) -12 (-16;-7) -11 (-13;-11)GADGET, no enforcement 20 -8 (-15; -1) -7 (-10; -4) -7 (-14; 0) -6 (-8;-3)INFOEFFEKT, all 83 -14 (-18; -10) -13 (-14; -12) -14 (-18;-10) -13 (-14;-12)INFOEFFEKT, enforcement 60 -17 (-21; -12) -14 (-16; -13) -15 (-20;-10) -14 (-15;-12)INFOEFFEKT, no enforcement 20 -8 (-15; -1) -7 (-10; -4) -7 (-14;0) -6 (-10;-5)Table A1 shows that the lack of a significant difference between thosecampaign effects accompanied or not accompanied by enforcement activitiesin the CAST bivariate analyses is due to choice of the random effects model.In GADGET, a fixed effects model was used. Most of the studies used inGADGET are present in the CAST database, and re-analysis of these studiesusing a fixed-effects model (without adjusting for publication bias) confirms asignificant benefit for accompanying enforcement using the GADGET studies.If we had relied on the same model in CAST, we would have drawn the sameconclusion. In other words, according to the fixed effects model, whether ornot we adjust for publication bias, there is a significant difference in overalleffect for those campaigns accompanied (12% reduction in accidents) and notaccompanied (6% reduction) by enforcement.137
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