Deliverable D 1.3 RESULTS OF META-ANALYSIS ... - cast-eu.org

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Campaigns and awareness raising strategies in traffic safety — <strong>Deliverable</strong> D-1.1effects to perform sub-group meta-analyses based on the variables in Table7.1 were ‘accidents’ and ‘seatbelt-use’.The general outcome measure ‘accidents’ actually comprises three mainmeasures: ‘all types’ of accidents (38 effects), ‘personal injury’ accidents (35effects) and ‘drink-driving’ accidents (32 effects). Drink-driving accidents couldbe based either on the number of accidents during drinking hours, relative tothose during non-drinking hours, or more directly on an involved driver beingover the drink-drive limit.Of the 433 effects in the sample, 150 were based on changes in outcomemeasure taken before-and-during a road safety campaign, while 218 werebased on before-and-after measurements. The remaining 65 were based onmeasures taken before-during-and-after a campaign intervention. In the lattercase a weight-adjusted average of the during and after measurements wastaken in order to keep the analyses simple while at the same time maintainpower.There were corresponding control effects for 188 out of the 433 effects in thesample. More than half of the studies used in the sample thus did not employcontrol groups.As shown in Table 7.3, most of the effects derive from studies publishedduring the last 30 years. Only 13 out of 433 campaign effects pre-date 1980.Table 7.3. Number of effects according to decade of study publicationcampaigndecade effects1960s 41970s 91980s 2131990s 1372000s 70total 433The studies reporting effects were published via one of two main publicationchannels: refereed scientific articles (161 effects); or research institute reports(156 effects) Other publication sources are detailed in Table 7.4.Table 7.4. Number of effects according to publication sourcesourceeffectsrefereed scientific article 161institute report 156unpublished 34government report 33conference paper 24not specified 9company report 7popular journal article 3safety association report 3dissertation 1EU report 1trade journal article 1total 43358
Campaigns and awareness raising strategies in traffic safety — <strong>Deliverable</strong> D-1.17.2.2 THEME AND COUNTRYEffects were reported for 20 different types of road safety campaign theme(Table 7.5). The most common themes were seat-belts, drink-driving,speeding, and general road safety. The latter encompassed multiple roadsafety themes.Table 7.5. Number of effects extracted according to campaign themecampaign themeeffectsseat-belt 149drink-driving 105speeding 65general / multiple 22child restraints 14children in traffic 13yielding to pedestrians 12interaction with commercial road users 8awareness of elderly road users 8speaking-out about unsafe driving 5helmet use 4collision risk appreciation 4safe distance to car in front 3driver inattention 3mobile phone use 2fatigue 2visibility 1red-light running 1lane discipline 1unknown 11total 433In some cases the same outcome measure is used to evaluate different typesof road safety campaign. Table 7.6 shows the different types of campaign inour sample, according to the outcome measure used to assess them.Table 7.6. Number of effects extracted for each campaign theme according to outcomemeasureoutcome measureseatbeltdrinkdrivecampaign themegeneral /speed multiple other unknownseatbelt use 118 2 - - 12 1accidents 5 41 25 9 25 10attitude 6 10 7 3 12 -speeding - - 21 6 1 -risk comprehension 8 9 4 2 1 -drink-driving 1 22 - - - -recall 5 11 3 - 4 -knowledge 3 2 3 2 6 -behaviour towards pedestrian - - 1 - 12 -other 3 8 1 - 7 -Total (433) 149 105 65 22 81 1159
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