Deliverable D 1.3 RESULTS OF META-ANALYSIS ... - cast-eu.org

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Campaigns and awareness raising strategies in traffic safety — Deliverable D-1.12. CAST PROJECT WORK PACKAGE 1: ROAD USER MODEL2.1 DESCRIPTION OF WORK PACKAGE 1Work package 1 (WP1) comprises both a theoretical and an empiricalperspective. The theoretical perspective is needed to understand and properlymodel the road user and road user behaviour. When the future aim is toinfluence the road user and road user behaviour in directions that benefittraffic safety, one must know which psychological or social factors determineroad user behaviour and which factors can be influenced by road safetycampaigns and persuasion techniques. A sound theoretical basis should aimat giving valid predictions about the partial effect of campaigns and validpredictions of the effect of any road safety measure are needed in order toavoid waste of money.When one wants to reduce the number of road accidents, one must knowwhat kinds of behaviours are associated with accidents, i.e., in the statisticalsense: If one reduces the frequency of a certain kind of risky behaviour, oneshould experience a reduction in the frequency of accidents. Currently,associations between behaviour and accidents have been documentedempirically for drink driving, speeding, red light crossing, yielding violations,and violations of driving-and-resting regulations for drivers of heavy vehicles(Elvik and Vaa 2004). An overwhelming number of studies have confirmed thelink between use of personal protection equipment (seat belt wearing, childrestraint systems, helmets) and reductions in the degree of personal injuries.All these types of behaviour can be proposed as themes of road safetycampaigns. Furthermore, all these behaviours are also regulated by law.Hence, non-compliance with traffic law and regulation is defined as a violation,which can be enforced by the police. Police enforcement is confirmed to be apotentially effective accompanying measure to road safety campaigns(Delhomme et al 1999).On a deeper level, factors such as motivation, attitudes, and personality traitshave also been linked to accidents (Ulleberg, 2002) . Reducing driving speedsby influencing drivers’ subjective perception of apprehension is documented tobe an effective strategy (ETSC 1999). In sum, these factors constitute amodel of driver behaviour, how drivers think and feel in their processing ofinformation and decision-making in traffic, which in turn could serve as routesof influence from road safety campaigns to the minds of drivers.WP1 comprise partners from 9 countries: Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark,Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal and Sweden.14
Campaigns and awareness raising strategies in traffic safety — Deliverable D-1.12.2 THE TASKS OF WP1Four tasks were proposed in WP1 (Annexe 1 – “Description of work”)• Task 1.1 – Workshop on theories of behaviour and effects of campaigns:“State-of-the-art”• Task 1.2 – Effects of campaigns on behaviour and accidents, campaignsstrategies and “best practices”• Task 1.3 – Road user behaviour and behaviour models• Task 1.4 – Key elements for evaluation2.2.1 Task 1.1 “Workshop on theories and models”WP1 started with a workshop where the partners came together andestablished a common base of knowledge regarding partners’ experiences oftheories of behaviour, road user modelling, and effects of campaigns which insum contributed to the exchange and discussion of joint knowledge andcompetence in this field.Partners were especially encouraged to come up with national experiences oncampaigns, evaluation of campaigns and campaigns effects. Partners specifythe following activities: Results from the workshop were summarized in aWorking Paper (CAST WP1 working paper: Summary of OSLO workshop:Workshop on theories of behaviour and effects of campaigns: “State-of-theart”-October2006)2.2.2 Task 1.2: Effects of campaigns on behaviour and accidents, campaignsstrategies and “best practices”The GADGET project sampled a total of 265 studies (Delhomme et al, 1999).Only 30 of these were appraisedto comply with evaluation design standards that were judged necessary to beincluded in the subsequent meta-analyses that were done in the GADGETproject. WP1 will use the same strategy as the one used in the GADGETproject:A literature search in all accessible and relevant databases andselecting studies which have a satisfactory evaluation design suitable formeta-analysis.In the CAST-project individual campaigns are coded according to campaigncharacteristics that have been identified across all campaigns in the database,i.e. common characteristics. In turn, these characteristics will be used aspredictors in a regression model suited for subsequent meta-regression. Asearch for the accumulated accession of studies since the GADGET-project todate, has been done.In meta-regression the partial effects of the predictors are analysed andestablished in order to identify the key elements of campaigns, i.e. thepredictors that seem to contribute to the effect, if any. The database has beenfurther expanded by including studies from partners’ countries. All CAST-15
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