Book 2.indb - US Climate Change Science Program

Abrupt Climate ChangeHere the models create more El Niño-like tropicalPacific SSTs that tend to make the Amazondrier, highlighting the potential importance oftropical circulation changes in climate change(Li et al., 2006). The Sahel region of WestAfrica dried dramatically in the latter half of thelast century (Nicholson et al., 2000), which hasbeen attributed to changes in SSTs throughoutthe tropics (Giannini et al., 2003). The modelswithin the IPCC AR4 generally reproduce thesechanges in SST and Sahel drying as a consequenceof anthropogenic climate change duringthe late-20th century (Biasutti and Giannini,2006). However, the same models have widelyvarying projections for how precipitation willchange in the Sahel over the current century,with some predicting a return to wetter conditions(Biasutti and Giannini, 2006; Hoerlinget al., 2006). It is unknown why the modeledresponse in the Sahel to 20th century radiativeforcing is different to the response to currentcenturyforcing. However, it is worth noting thatthe one climate model that best simulates the20th century drying continues to dry the Sahelin the current century (Held et al., 2005). In thistropical region, as in the Amazon, hydrologicalchange appears to potentially involve nonlocalcontrols on the atmospheric circulation as wellas possible complex land-surface feedbacks.The greater southwestern regions of NorthAmerica, which include the American Southwestand Northern Mexico, are included withinthis region of subtropical drying. Seager et al.(2007c) show that there is an impressive agreementamongst the projections with 19 climatemodels (and 47 individual runs) (Fig. 3.16).These projections collectively indicate that thisregion progressively dries in the future and thatthe transition to a more arid climate begins inthe late 20th century and early current century(Fig. 3.17). The increased aridity becomesequivalent to the 1950s Southwest drought inthe early part of the current century in about aquarter of the models and half of the models bymid-century. Seager et al. (2007c) also showedthat intensification of the existing pattern ofatmospheric water-vapor transport was onlyresponsible for about half the Southwest dryingand that half was caused by a change inatmospheric circulation. They linked this factto a poleward expansion of the Hadley Cell anddry subtropical zones and a poleward shift of themid-latitude westerlies and storm tracks, bothalso robust features of a warmer atmosphere(Yin, 2005; Bengtsson et al., 2006; Lu et al.,2007). The analysis of satellite data by Seidel etal. (2008) suggests such a widening of Earth’stropical belt over the past quarter century as theplanet has warmed. This analysis is consistentwith climate model simulations that suggestfuture subtropical drying as the jet streams andthe associated wind and precipitation patternsmove poleward with global warming. Note,Precipitation – Evaporation Anomaly(25N–40N,95W–125W)ukmo_hadgem1(1)ukmo_hadcm3(1)ncar_pcm1(4)ncar_ccsm3_0(7)mri_cgcm2_3_2a(5)mpi_echam5(4)miroc3_2_medres(3)miroc3_2_hires(1)ipsl_cm4(1)inmcm3_0(1)iap_fgoals1_0_g(3)giss_model_e_r(2)giss_model_e_h(3)giss_aom(2)gfdl_cm2_1(1)gfdl_cm2_0(1)csiro_mk3_0(1)cnrm_cm3(1)cccma_cgcm3_1(5)Figure 3.16. The change in annual mean precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P–E) over the American Southwest(125°W.–95°W., 25°N.–40°N., land areas only) for 19 models relative to model climatologies for 1950–2000. Resultsare averaged over 20-year segments of the current century. The number of ensemble members for the projections islisted by the model name at left. Black dots represent ensemble members, where available, and red dots represent theensemble mean for each model. Units are in millimeters per day.107