Book 2.indb - US Climate Change Science Program

Abrupt Climate ChangeWickland, K.P., R.G. Striegl, J.C. Neff, and T. Sachs, 2006: Effectsof permafrost melting on CO 2 and CH 4 exchange of apoorly drained black spruce lowland. Journal of GeophysicalResearch, 111, G02011, doi:10.1029/2005JG000099.Wood, W.T., J.F. Gettrust, N.R. Chapman, G.D. Spence, and R.D.Hyndman, 2002: Decreased stability of methane hydrates inmarine sediments owing to phase-boundary roughness. Nature,420(6916), pp. 656–660.Xu, W.Y., R.P. Lowell, and E.T. Peltzer, 2001: Effect of seafloortemperature and pressure variations on methane flux from agas hydrate layer: Comparison between current and late Paleoceneclimate conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research,106(B11), pp. 26,413–26,423.Yuan, D.X., H. Cheng, R.L. Edwards, C.A. Dykoski, M.J. Kelly,M.L. Zhang, J.M. Qing, Y.S. Lin, Y.G. Wang, J.Y. Wu, J.A.Dorale, Z.S. An, and, Y.J. Cai, 2004: Timing, duration, andtransitions of the Last Interglacial Asian Monsoon. Science,304, pp. 575–578.Zachos, J., M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, and K. Billups, 2001:Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma topresent. Science, 292, pp. 686–693.Zachos, J.C., U. Röhl, S.A. Schellenberg, A. Sluijs, D.A. Hodell,D.C. Kelly, E. Thomas, M. Nicolo, I. Raffi, L.J. Lourens, H.McCarren, and D. Kroon, 2005: Rapid acidification of theocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science,308(5728), pp. 1611–1615.Zachos, J.C., M.W. Wara, S. Bohaty, M.L. Delaney, M.R. Petrizzo,A. Brill, T.J. Bralower, and I. Premoli-Silva, 2003: Atransient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during thePaleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum. Science, 302(5650),pp. 1551–1554.Zeebe, R.E. and P. Westbroek, 2003: A simple model for theCaCO 3 saturation state of the ocean: The “Strangelove,” the“Neritan,” and the “Cretan” Ocean. Geochemistry, Geophysics,Geosystems, 4, 1104, doi:10.1029/2003GC000538.Zhang, Y., W.J. Chen, and J. Cihlar, 2003: A process-based modelfor quantifying the impact of climate change on permafrostthermal regimes. Journal of Geophysical Research, D22,doi:10.1029/2002JD003354.Zhang, Y., W.J. Chen, and D.W. Riseborough, 2007: Temporal andspatial changes of permafrost in Canada since the end of theLittle Ice Age. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D22103,doi:10.1029/2006JD007284.Zhuang, Q., J.M. Melillo, A.D. McGuire, D.W. Kicklighter, R.G.Prinn, P.A. Steudler, B.S. Felzer, and S. Hu, 2007: Net emissionsof CH 4 and CO 2 in Alaska: Implications for the region’sgreenhouse gas budget. Ecological Applications, 17, pp. 203–212.Zillmer, M., E.R. Flueh, and J. Petersen, 2005a: Seismic investigationof a bottom simulating reflector and quantification ofgas hydrate in the Black Sea. Geophysical Journal International,161(3), pp. 662–678.Zillmer, M., T. Reston, T. Leythaeuser, and E.R. Flueh, 2005b:Imaging and quantification of gas hydrate and free gas at theStoregga slide offshore Norway. Geophysical Research Letters,32(4), L04308, doi:10.1029/2004GL021535.Zimov, S.A., E.A.G. Schuur, and F.S. Chapin III, 2006: Permafrostand the global carbon budget. Science, 312, pp. 1612–1613.Zühlsdorff, L., and V. Spiess, 2004: Three-dimensional seismiccharacterization of a venting site reveals compelling indicationsof natural hydraulic fracturing. Geology, 32(2), pp. 101–104.Zühlsdorff, L., V. Spiess, C. Hübscher, H. Villinger, and A.Rosenberger, 2000: Implications for focused fluid transportat the northern Cascadia accretionary prism from a correlationbetween BSR occurrence and near-sea-floor reflectivityanomalies imaged in a multi-frequency seismic data set. InternationalJournal of Earth Sciences, 88(4), pp. 655–667.PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITSSynopsisPage VII, Near Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula; JeffKietzmann, Antarctic Photo Library, National ScienceFoundationExcutive SummaryPage 1, Near Palmer Station, Antarctic Peninsula; JeffKietzmann, Antarctic Photo Library, National ScienceFoundationChapter 1Page 9, Permafrost terrain with ice lens exposures, above theArctic Circle, Alaska; Bruce Molnia, U.S. GeologicalSurveyPage 14, The view from the area around Palmer Station,Anvers Island, Antarctica; Jon Brack, Antarctic PhotoLibrary, National Science FoundationPage 15, Ice trench; U.S. Geological SurveyPage 19, Dry lake bed; U.S. Geological SurveyPage 21, Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) being deployed;Ocean Explorer, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationPage 24, The Nathaniel B. Palmer moving through opensea ice; Michael Van Woert, National Oceanic andAtmospheric AdministrationChapter 2Page 29, U-shaped glacial valley, Tracy Arm, CoastMountains, Alaska; Bruce Molnia, U.S. GeologicalSurveyPage 31, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, South Pole,Antarctica; Bruce Molnia, U.S. Geological SurveyPage 32, Mendenhall Glacier, Alaska; Bruce Molnia, U.S.Geological SurveyPage 33, Calving glacier, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska;Bruce Molnia, U.S. Geological SurveyPage 34, Crevasses on Taku Glacier, Tongass NationalForest, Alaska; Bruce Molnia, U.S. Geological Survey239