Book 2.indb - US Climate Change Science Program

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The U.S. Climate Change Science ProgramPage 38, Helicopter support, Antarctica research; U.S.Geological SurveyPage 42, Landsat image of Greenland ice sheet; U.S.Geological SurveyPage 55, Pancake ice, Antarctica; Zee Evans, Antarctic PhotoLibrary, National Science FoundationPage 56, Antarctic landscape; D.J. Jennings, Antarctic PhotoLibrary, National Science FoundationPage 59, Icebergs, Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska; BruceMolnia, U.S. Geological SurveyPage 60, Glacier cave, Wrangell–St. Elias National Park,Alaska; Bruce Molnia, U.S. Geological SurveyPage 61, Antarctic iceberg; Patrick Rowe, Antarctic PhotoLibrary, National Science FoundationPage 62, A collapsed snow bridge between glaciers nearAmsler Island, Antarctic Peninsula; Rebecca Shoop,Antarctic Photo Library, National Science FoundationChapter 3Page 67, Dry lake bed; Jupiterimages, Inc.Page 71, Colorado wildfire; U.S. Geological SurveyPage 72, Low water mark on Lake Mead, Arizona/Nevada;Jupiterimages, Inc.Page 73, Sand dunes; Jupiterimages, Inc.Page 79, California vineyard; Jupiterimages, Inc.Page 82, Central Arizona Project aqueduct; U.S. Bureau ofReclamationPage 89, Keet Seel Ruins, Navajo National Monument,Arizona; Peter Brown, National Oceanic andAtmospheric AdministrationPage 92, Dusty harvest, Manitoba, Canada; Jupiterimages,Inc.Page 94, Saharan sunset; Jupiterimages, Inc.Page 102, Dust blowing near Canyonlands National Park,Utah; Jason Neff, U.S. Geological SurveyPage 108, Desert urbanization near Phoenix, Arizona;Charles Kazilek, Arizona State UniversityPage 111, Green River, Wyoming; K. Miller, U.S. GeologicalSurveyPage 112, New Orleans after hurricane Katrina; MarkMoran, Phil Eastman, and Dave Demers, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationChapter 4Page 117, Atlantic Ocean at sunrise; Jupiterimages, Inc.Page 120, U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Healy breaks ice insupport of scientific research in the Arctic Ocean;Prentice Danner, U.S. Coast GuardPhotography CreditsPage 121, NOAA satellite image of tropical storms Bonnieand Charley; National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationPage 127, Aboard research vessel Knorr off Baffin Island;Karen Johnson, Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionPage 134, Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC)monitoring device; United Kingdom NaturalEnvironment Research Council RAPID-WATCHprogramPage 135, Aboard research vessel Atlantis; Terry Joyce,Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionPage 137, Temperate reef in Atlantic Ocean off NorthCarolina; National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministrationPage 144, Sunshine over Arctic Ocean; Chris Linder, WoodsHole Oceanographic InstitutionPage 150, Calm water of the Atlantic Ocean as seen fromthe research vessel Knorr; Mary Carman, Woods HoleOceanographic InstitutionPage 154, Temperature/salinity instrument in Arctic Ocean;Peter Winsor, Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionChapter 5Page 163, Earth’s atmosphere from the International SpaceStation; National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationPage 167, Biomass burning; National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationPage 174, Ice core archive; U.S. Geological SurveyPage 175, Permafrost in Spitsbergen, Svalbard; OlafurIngolfsson, National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministrationPage 176, Melting permafrost in Alaska; Bruce Molnia, U.S.Geological SurveyPage 177, Ice core recovered from West Antarctic Ice Sheet;Jay Johnson, Ice Coring and Drilling Services, WestAntarctic Ice Sheet Divide Ice Core Project; DesertResearch Institute; University of New HampshirePage 180, Rough seas in the Gulf of Mexico; Ocean Explorer,National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPage 183, View of the Beaufort Sea; National Oceanic andAtmospheric AdministrationPage 188, View of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; NationalOceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationPage 191, Coastal erosion of mud-rich permafrost alongBeaufort Sea; U.S. Geological SurveyPage 193, Florida freshwater marsh; U.S. Geological SurveyPage 198, Midnight rainbow over Atigun Gorge, BrooksRange, Alaska; Dave Houseknecht, U.S. GeologicalSurveyPage 200, Bonanza Creek long-term ecological researchstation, Alaska; Mark Waldrop, U.S. Geological Survey240
Abrupt Climate ChangeGLOSSARY, ACRONYMS, AND ABBREVIATIONSGLOSSARYAblation – Loss of snow and ice, primarily bymelting and calving.Abrupt climate change – A large-scale changein the climate system that takes place over a fewdecades or less, persists (or is anticipated to persist)for at least a few decades, and causes substantialdisruptions in human and natural systems.Albedo – The fraction of solar radiation reflectedby a surface or object, often expressed as a percentage.Anthropogenic – Resulting from or produced byhuman beings.Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC) – A northward flow of warm, salty waterin the upper layers of the Atlantic, and a southwardflow of colder water in the deep Atlantic.Clathrate – A substance in which a chemical latticeor cage of one type of molecule traps anothertype of molecule.Climate system – The climate system is thehighly complex system consisting of five majorcomponents: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, thecryosphere, the land surface, and the biosphere, andthe interactions between them. The climate systemevolves in time under the influence of its own internaldynamics and because of external forcingssuch as volcanic eruptions, solar variations, andanthropogenic forcings such as the changing compositionof the atmosphere and land use change.Climate feedback – An interaction mechanismbetween processes in the climate system is calleda climate feedback when the result of an initialprocess triggers changes in a second process thatin turn influences the initial one. A positive feedbackintensifies the original process, and a negativefeedback reduces it.Climate model – A numerical representation ofthe climate system based on the physical, chemical,and biological properties of its components, theirinteractions and feedback processes, and accountingfor all or some of its known properties.Climate variability – Climate variability refers tovariations in the mean state and other statistics (suchas standard deviations, the occurrence of extremes,etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scalesbeyond that of individual weather events. Variabilitymay be due to natural internal processeswithin the climate system (internal variability), orto variations in natural or anthropogenic externalforcing (external variability).Cryosphere – The component of the climate systemconsisting of all snow, ice, and frozen ground(including permafrost) on and beneath the surfaceof the Earth and ocean.Downscaling – A method that derives local- toregional-scale (10 to 100 km) information fromlarger scale models or data analyses.El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) – The termEl Niño was initially used to describe a warm-watercurrent that periodically flows along the coast of Ecuadorand Perú, disrupting the local fishery. It hassince become identified with a basin-wide warmingof the tropical Pacific Ocean east of the dateline.This oceanic event is associated with a fluctuationof a global-scale tropical and subtropical surfacepressure pattern called the Southern Oscillation.This coupled atmosphere-ocean phenomenon,with preferred time scales of 2 to about 7 years, iscollectively known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation(ENSO). It is often measured by the surfacepressure anomaly difference between Darwin andTahiti and the sea surface temperatures in the centraland eastern equatorial Pacific. During an ENSOevent, the prevailing trade winds weaken, reducingupwelling and altering ocean currents such that thesea surface temperatures warm, further weakeningthe trade winds. This event has a great impact onthe wind, sea surface temperature, and precipitationpatterns in the tropical Pacific. It has climaticeffects throughout the Pacific region and in manyother parts of the world, through global teleconnections.The cold phase of ENSO is called La Niña.Forcing – Any mechanism that causes the climatesystem to change or respond.241
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTSAuthor Team for th
Page 8 and 9:
The U.S. Climate Change Science Pro
Page 10 and 11:
PREFACEReport Motivation and Guidan
Page 12 and 13:
Page 14 and 15:
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 21 and 22:
1CHAPTERAbrupt Climate ChangeIntrod
Page 23 and 24:
Abrupt Climate Change-35Arctic temp
Page 25 and 26:
Abrupt Climate ChangeFigure 1.2. Po
Page 27 and 28:
Abrupt Climate Changewell below sea
Page 29 and 30:
Abrupt Climate Changeheterogeneous
Page 31 and 32:
Abrupt Climate Changeapart from dro
Page 33 and 34:
Abrupt Climate Change6. Abrupt Chan
Page 35 and 36:
Abrupt Climate Changeintermediate c
Page 37 and 38:
Abrupt Climate Changeper square met
Page 39:
Abrupt Climate Changeis the norther
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44:
Page 47 and 48:
Abrupt Climate ChangeRegardless how
Page 49 and 50:
Abrupt Climate Changecentrations, a
Page 51 and 52:
Abrupt Climate ChangeBox 2.1. Glaci
Page 53 and 54:
Abrupt Climate Changetime. Degree-d
Page 55 and 56:
Abrupt Climate Changetion, and accu
Page 57 and 58:
Abrupt Climate ChangeBox 2.2. Mass
Page 59 and 60:
Abrupt Climate Changeof the glacier
Page 61 and 62:
Abrupt Climate ChangeFigure 2.6. Ra
Page 63 and 64:
Abrupt Climate Changewater) or, mor
Page 65 and 66:
Abrupt Climate ChangeFigure 2.7. Re
Page 67 and 68:
Abrupt Climate Changeresults in a l
Page 69 and 70:
Abrupt Climate Changeis not providi
Page 71 and 72:
Abrupt Climate Changemeasurements c
Page 73 and 74:
Abrupt Climate Changemore than 10,0
Page 75 and 76:
Abrupt Climate Changeocean models h
Page 77 and 78:
Abrupt Climate Changeto atmosphere-
Page 79 and 80:
3CHAPTERHydrological Variability an
Page 81 and 82:
Abrupt Climate Change• The integr
Page 83 and 84:
Abrupt Climate Changethe soil (King
Page 85 and 86:
Abrupt Climate Changeon (Kaplan et
Page 87 and 88:
Abrupt Climate Changeorbital-time-s
Page 89 and 90:
Abrupt Climate ChangeFigure 3.4. (t
Page 91 and 92:
Abrupt Climate Changemodels forced
Page 93 and 94:
Abrupt Climate ChangeBox 3.2. Waves
Page 95 and 96:
Abrupt Climate Changebecause (1) th
Page 97 and 98:
Abrupt Climate ChangeHarrison et al
Page 99 and 100:
Abrupt Climate Changethat even the
Page 101 and 102:
Abrupt Climate Changethat seen afte
Page 103 and 104:
Abrupt Climate Changeentire period
Page 105 and 106:
Abrupt Climate Changelong-lived gre
Page 107 and 108:
Abrupt Climate Changeplanetary-scal
Page 109 and 110:
Abrupt Climate ChangeBox 3.3. Paleo
Page 111 and 112:
Abrupt Climate Changerelated to the
Page 113 and 114:
Abrupt Climate Changeinto the North
Page 115 and 116:
Abrupt Climate ChangeThe summertime
Page 117 and 118:
Abrupt Climate Change(Anderson et a
Page 119 and 120:
Abrupt Climate ChangeHere the model
Page 121 and 122:
Abrupt Climate Changetropical tropo
Page 123 and 124:
Abrupt Climate Changefunctions; Koc
Page 125 and 126:
Abrupt Climate Changechanges than t
Page 127:
Abrupt Climate Changeboundary condi
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203: The U.S. Climate Change Science Pro
Page 214 and 215: 202REFERENCESChapter 1 ReferencesAl
Page 258: U.S. Climate Change Science Program
show all

Book 2.indb - US Climate Change Science Program

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?