References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ & Kars H. Problemen met het gedrag van zwakz<strong>in</strong>nige mensen.1988, Samsom Stafleu, Alphen aan den Rijn.2 Carmeli E, Bar-Yossef T, Ariav C, Paz R, Sabbaq H, Levy R. Sensorimotor impairments andstrategies <strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities. Motor Control. 2008;12(4):348-61.3 Frey GC & Chow B. Relationship between BMI, <strong>physical</strong> <strong>fitness</strong>, and motor skills <strong>in</strong> youth <strong>with</strong>mild <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities. Int J Obes. 2006;30:861-867.4 Laht<strong>in</strong>en U, R<strong>in</strong>tala P, Mal<strong>in</strong> A. Physical performance of <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability:a 30 year follow up. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2007;24: 125-143.5 Temple VA, Frey GC, Stanish HI. Physical activity of adults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation: reviewand research needs. Am J Health Prom. 2006;21:2-12.6 Wuang YP, Wang CC, Huang MH, Su CY. Profiles and cognitive predictors of motor functionsamong early school-age children <strong>with</strong> mild <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res.2008;52(12):1048-60.7 Sh<strong>in</strong>kfield AJ, Sparrow WA, Day RH. Visual discrim<strong>in</strong>ation and motor reproduction ofmovement by <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation.1997;102(2):172-81.8 Bodfish JW, Parker DE, Lewis MH, Sprague RL, Newell KM. Stereotypy and motor control:differences <strong>in</strong> the postural stability dynamics of persons <strong>with</strong> stereotyped and dysk<strong>in</strong>eticmovement disorders. Am J Ment Retard. 20011;06(2):123-34.9 Houwen S, Visscher C, Lemm<strong>in</strong>k KAPM, Hartman E. Motor skill performance of school-agechildren <strong>with</strong> visual impairments. Dev Med and Child Neur. 2008;50(2):139-45.10 Hopk<strong>in</strong>s WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC, Hill PM. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> of bl<strong>in</strong>d and sighted children. EurJ of Appl Phys Occ Phys. 1987;56: 69-73.11 Reimer AM, Cox RF, Boonstra NF, Smits-Engelsman BC. Effect of visual impairment on goaldirectedaim<strong>in</strong>g movements <strong>in</strong> children. Dev Med Child Neur. 2008;50(10):778-83.12 Häkk<strong>in</strong>en A, Holopa<strong>in</strong>en E, Kautia<strong>in</strong>en H, Sillanpää E, Häkk<strong>in</strong>en K. Neuromuscularfunction and balance of prepubertal and pubertal bl<strong>in</strong>d and sighted boys. Acta Paediatrica.2006;95(10):1277-83.13 Seemungal BM, Glasauwer S, Gresty MA, Bronste<strong>in</strong> AM. Vestibular perception and navigation<strong>in</strong> the congenitally bl<strong>in</strong>d. J of Neurophys. 2007;97(6):4341-56.14 Evenhuis HM, Sjoukes L, Koot HM, Kooijman AC. Does visual impairment lead to additionaldisability <strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53(1):19-28.15 Van Splunder J, Stilma JS, Bernsen RM, Evenhuis HM. Prevalence of visual impairment<strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities <strong>in</strong> the Netherlands: cross-sectional study. Eye (Lond)2006;20(9):1004-10.16 Hale L, Bray A, Littmann A. Assess<strong>in</strong>g the balance capacities of people <strong>with</strong> profound<strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities who have experienced a fall. J Intellect Disabil Res.2007;51(Pt 4):260-8.17 Hilgenkamp TIM, Van Wijck R, Evenhuis HM. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> <strong>in</strong> older people <strong>with</strong> ID—Conceptand measur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>struments: A review. Res Dev Dis. 2010;31:1027–1038.18 World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and relatedhealth problems: tenth revision (ICD-10). 1992;369–370.Chapter 6 | 101
19 Duncan PW, We<strong>in</strong>er DK, Chandler J, Studenski S. Functional reach: a new cl<strong>in</strong>ical measure ofbalance. J Gerontol. 1990;45(6):192-197.20 Podsiadlo D. & Richardson S. The timed ‘up and go: a test of basic functional mobility for frailelderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1991;39:142-14821 T<strong>in</strong>etti M. Performance oriented assessment of mobility problems <strong>in</strong> elderly patients.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 1986;34:119-126.22 Rossiter-Fornoff JE, Wolf SL, Wolfson LI, Buchner DM. A cross-sectional validation study ofthe FICSIT common data base static balance measures. Frailty and Injuries: CooperativeStudies of Intervention Techniques Journals of Gerontology. Series A: Biological Sciencesand Medical Sciences. 1995;50(6).23 Berg K. Balance and its measure <strong>in</strong> the elderly: a review. Phys Can. 1989;41:240-6.24 Mathias S, Nayak US, Isaacs B. Balance <strong>in</strong> elderly patients: the “Get-up and Go” test. ArchPhys Med Rehab. 1986;67:387-389.25 Smits-Engelsman BCM, Bekker<strong>in</strong>g GE, Hendriks HJM. (Eds.). Fysiotherapie and osteoporose.Amersfoort / Houten. Kon<strong>in</strong>klijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie. 2000, BohnStafleu Van Loghum (KNGF richtlijnen).26 Berg K, Wood-Dauph<strong>in</strong>ee S, Williams JI, Maki B. <strong>Measur<strong>in</strong>g</strong> Balance <strong>in</strong> the Elderly: Prelim<strong>in</strong>arydevelopment of an Instrument. Physiotherapy Canada. 1989;41:304-311.27 Berg K, Wood-Dauph<strong>in</strong>ee S, Williams JI, Gayton D. <strong>Measur<strong>in</strong>g</strong> Balance <strong>in</strong> the Elderly:Validation of an Instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992;Supp2:07-11.28 Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Moll<strong>in</strong>ger L. Age – and Gender-Related Test Performance <strong>in</strong>Community-Dwell<strong>in</strong>g Eldery People: Six-M<strong>in</strong>ute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up AndGo Test, and Gait Speed. Physical Therapy. 2002;82:128-136.29 Blum L & Korner-Bitensky N. Usefulness of the Berg Balance Scale <strong>in</strong> stroke rehabilitation: asystematic review. Physical Therapy. 2008;88(5):559-66.30 Palisano R, Hanna SE, Rosenbaum PL, Rusell DJ, Walter SD, Wood EP, Ra<strong>in</strong>a PS, Galuppi BE.Validation of a model of Gross Motor Function for Children With Cerebral Palsy. PhysicalTherapy. 2000;80:974-985.31 World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Function<strong>in</strong>g, Disabilityand Health. Geneva, 2001.32 Dutch Society for Doctors <strong>in</strong> the Care for people <strong>with</strong> an Intellectual Disability (NVAZ)Resistance among people <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability <strong>in</strong> the framework of the ActGovern<strong>in</strong>g Medical-Scientific Research Involv<strong>in</strong>g Humans, behavioural code for doctors <strong>in</strong> theassessment of resistance among people <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability, 1999.33 Malmberg JJ, Miilunpalo SI, Vuori IM, Pasanen ME, Oja P, Haapanen-Niemi NA.A health-related <strong>fitness</strong> and functional performance test battery for middle-aged and olderadults: feasibility and health-related content validity. Arch Phys Med. 2002;83(5):666-677.34 Fe<strong>in</strong>ste<strong>in</strong> AR. Cl<strong>in</strong>imatrics. 1987, New Haven, Yale University Press, 184-185.35 Portney LG, Watk<strong>in</strong>s MP. Foundations of cl<strong>in</strong>ical research. 2 nd ed. Upper Saddle River, 2000,Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey.36 Field A. Discover<strong>in</strong>g Statistics Us<strong>in</strong>g SPSS. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2005.37 Brown LD, Cai TT, DasGupta A. Interval estimation for a b<strong>in</strong>omial proportion. Statist Sci.2001;16:101-133.38 Brown LD, Cai TT, DasGupta A. Confidence Intervals for a B<strong>in</strong>omial Proportion 377 andAsymptotic Expansions. Ann Stat. 2002;30:160-201.102 | Chapter 6
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Measuring physical fitnessin person
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Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
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Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
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overweight [15]. This prevalence is
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Theoretical framework of the studyI
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Components of physical fitnessThe a
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Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
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GMFCS was presented to the investig
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Body weightTo determine the body we
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Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
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Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
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DiscussionThe results of our study
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References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
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37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
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Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
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IntroductionChildren and adults wit
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participants. These calculations as
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Data analysisThe data were analyzed
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Table 2. Simple regression analysis
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SummarySummary | 151
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problems in both locomotor skills a
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subjects are to be applied to perso
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may be an indicator of activity lev
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SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
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InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
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verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
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Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
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Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
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DankwoordDankwoord | 169
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De leden van de leescommissie, prof
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Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
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Dankwoord | 175
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Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
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Curriculum vitae | 179