19 Laht<strong>in</strong>en U, R<strong>in</strong>tala P, Mal<strong>in</strong> A. Physical performance of <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability:a 30 year follow up. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2007;24: 125-143.20 McGuire BE, Daly P, Smyth F. Lifestyle and health behaviours of adults <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectualdisability. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2007;51(Pt 7):497-510.21 Stevenson RD, Conaway M, Chumlea WC, Rosenbaum, O’Donnell, Samson-Fang L, Stall<strong>in</strong>gsVA, Fung EB, Henderson RC, Worley G, Liptak G. Growth and Health <strong>in</strong> Children WithModerate-to-<strong>Severe</strong> Cerebral Palsy. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1010-101822 Kong CK & Wong HS. Weight-for-height values and limb anthropometric composition of tubefedchildren <strong>with</strong> quadriplegic cerebral palsy. Pediatrics. 2005;116, 839-845.23 Sullivan PB, Alder N, Bachlet AM Grant H, Juszczak E, Henry J, Vernon-Roberts A, Warner J,Wells J. Gastrostomy feed<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> cerebral palsy: Too much of a good th<strong>in</strong>g. Dev Med ChildNeurol. 2006;48:877-82.24 Rieken R. Assess<strong>in</strong>g body composition and energy expenditure <strong>in</strong> children <strong>with</strong> severeneurological impairment and <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability. 2010, Optima Grafische Communicatie,Rotterdam.25 Troosters T, Vilaro J, Rab<strong>in</strong>ovich R, Casas A, Barbera JA, Rodriguez-Rois<strong>in</strong> R. Physiologicalresponses to the 6-m<strong>in</strong> walk test <strong>in</strong> patient <strong>with</strong> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. EurResp Journal. 2002;20:564-569.26 Faggiano P, D’Aloia A, Gualena A, Lavatelli A, Giordano A. Assessment of oxygen uptakedur<strong>in</strong>g the 6-m<strong>in</strong>ute walk<strong>in</strong>g test <strong>in</strong> patients <strong>with</strong> heart failure: prelim<strong>in</strong>ary experience <strong>with</strong> aportable device. Am Heart Journal.1997;134: 203-206.27 Onorati P, Antonucci R, Valli G, Berton E, De Marco F, Serra P. Non-<strong>in</strong>vasive evaluation of gasexchange dur<strong>in</strong>g a shuttle walk<strong>in</strong>g test vs. a 6-m<strong>in</strong> walk<strong>in</strong>g test to assess exercise tolerance<strong>in</strong> COPD patients. Eur J Appl Phys. 2003;89:331-336.28 Evenhuis HM, Sjoukes L, Koot HM, Kooijman AC. Does visual impairment lead to additionaldisability <strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53(1):19-28.29 Wan<strong>in</strong>ge A, van Wijck R, Steenbergen B, van der Schans CP. Feasibility and reliability ofa modified Berg Balance Scale <strong>in</strong> persons <strong>with</strong> severe <strong>in</strong>tellectual and sensory disabilities.J.Int Disabil Res. 2011;55(3):292-301.30 Berg K, Wood-Dauph<strong>in</strong>ee S, Williams JI, Maki B. <strong>Measur<strong>in</strong>g</strong> Balance <strong>in</strong> the Elderly: Prelim<strong>in</strong>arydevelopment of an Instrument. Physiotherapy Canada. 1989;41:304-311.31 Wan<strong>in</strong>ge A, Rook RA, Dijkhuizen A, Gielen E, van der Schans CP. Feasibility, test-retestreliability and <strong>in</strong>terrater reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale and Modified TardieuScale <strong>in</strong> persons <strong>with</strong> profound <strong>in</strong>tellectual and multiple disabilities. Res Dev Dis.2011;32(2):613-620.32 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te meten bij mensen met een verstandelijke beperk<strong>in</strong>g?Een betrouwbaarheids- en validiteitsonderzoek van de Modified Ashworth Scale en deTardieu Schaal bij mensen met een verstandelijke beperk<strong>in</strong>g. Scriptie <strong>in</strong> het kader van decursus Schol<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Wetenschap III; Amersfoort, Nederlands Paramedisch Instituut, 2005.33 Mehrholz J, Wagner K, Meiβner D, Grundmann K, Zange C, Koch R, Pohl M. Reliability ofthe Modified Tardieu Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale <strong>in</strong> adults patients <strong>with</strong> severebra<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jury: a comparison study. Cl<strong>in</strong>ic Rehabili. 2005;19:751.34 Haugh AB, Pandyan AD, Johnson GR. A systematic review of the Tardieu Scale for themeasurement of spasticity. Dis Rehabil. 2006;28:899-907.Chapter 9 | 149
35 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T. Physical activity, Fitness and Health. 1994, HumanK<strong>in</strong>etics Publishers, ChampaignIL.36 Vos P, De Cock P, Petry K, Van Den Noortgate W, Maes B. Do You Know What I Feel? A FirstStep Towards a Physiological Measure of the Subjective Well-Be<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>Persons</strong> With <strong>Profound</strong>Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities. J App Res Int Dis. 2010;23:366–378.37 Ra<strong>in</strong>e A. Annotation: the role of prefrontal deficits, low autonomic arousal, and early healthfactors <strong>in</strong> the development of antisocial and aggressive behavior <strong>in</strong> children. J Child PsycholPsychiatry. 2002;43:417-434.38 American College of Sports Medic<strong>in</strong>e Position Stand. The recommended quantity and qualityof exercise for develop<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g cardiorespiratory and muscular <strong>fitness</strong>, andflexibility <strong>in</strong> healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30: 975-91.39 Munde VS, Vlaskamp C, Ruijssenaars AJ, Nakken H. Alertness <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> profound<strong>in</strong>tellectual and multiple disabilities: a literature review. Res Dev Disabil. 2009;30(3):462-80.40 St Pierre RG, Rossi PH. Randomize groups, not <strong>in</strong>dividuals: a strategy for improv<strong>in</strong>g earlychildhood programs. Eval Rev. 2006;30(5):656-85.41 Y<strong>in</strong> RK. Enhanc<strong>in</strong>g the quality of case studies <strong>in</strong> health services research. Health Serv Res.1999;34(5 Pt 2):1209-24.42 Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAyley E, Harrison CR, Chason J, Vakil E, BardellL, Boileau RA, Colcombe A. Age<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>fitness</strong> and neurocognitive function. Nature.1999;400:418-41943 Sitskoorn, MM. Het plastische bre<strong>in</strong>; <strong>in</strong>vloed van gedrag. De Psycholoog. 2005;40(5):262-267.44 Colcombe S, Erickson KI, Raz N, Webb AG, MC Auley EB, Kramer AF. Aerobic <strong>fitness</strong> reducesbra<strong>in</strong> tissue loss <strong>in</strong> ag<strong>in</strong>g humans. J Gerontol. 2003;58:176-180.45 Kiestra T. (2005), De unieke handicap, referentiemodel voor meervoudige beperk<strong>in</strong>gen,Bedum, Scholma Druk, ISBN 9080638420.150 | Chapter 9
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Measuring physical fitnessin person
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Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
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Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
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overweight [15]. This prevalence is
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Theoretical framework of the studyI
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Components of physical fitnessThe a
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Therefore, a study is put forward w
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2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey
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Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
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GMFCS was presented to the investig
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Body weightTo determine the body we
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Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
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Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
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DiscussionThe results of our study
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References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
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37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
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Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
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IntroductionChildren and adults wit
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participants. These calculations as
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Data analysisThe data were analyzed
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Table 2. Simple regression analysis
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Chapter 4Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPeople with intellectua
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Eighty representatives gave permiss
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3) The measurement procedure: The m
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and whether motivation influenced t
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Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
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AcknowledgementsThis research was f
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21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
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Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
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IntroductionIntellectual disability
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Exclusion criteria were mental or p
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participant had fulfilled the task.
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Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
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Table 4. Correlation scored motivat
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preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
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References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
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37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
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Chapter 6Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
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this study was to evaluate the feas
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obtained from the legal representat
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Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
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