References1 Emerson E. Underweight, obesity and exercise among adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities <strong>in</strong>supported accommodation <strong>in</strong> Northern England. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2005;49;134-43.2 Laht<strong>in</strong>en U, R<strong>in</strong>tala P, Mal<strong>in</strong> A. Physical performance of <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability:a 30 year follow up. Adapt Phys Act Q. 2007;24: 125-143.3 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T. Physical activity, Fitness and Health. 1994, HumanK<strong>in</strong>etics Publishers, ChampaignIL.4 World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Function<strong>in</strong>g, Disabilityand Health. Geneva, 2001.5 Capsersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness:Def<strong>in</strong>itions and Dist<strong>in</strong>ctions for Health-Related Research. Public Health Reports.1985;100(2);127-131.6 American College of Sports Medic<strong>in</strong>e Position Stand. The recommended quantity and qualityof exercise for develop<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g cardiorespiratory and muscular <strong>fitness</strong>, andflexibility <strong>in</strong> healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30: 975-91.7 Frey GC & Chow B. Relationship between BMI, <strong>physical</strong> <strong>fitness</strong>, and motor skills <strong>in</strong> youth <strong>with</strong>mild <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities. Int J Obes. 2006;30:861-867.8 Temple VA, Frey GC, Stanish HI. Physical activity of adults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation: reviewand research needs. Am J Health Promot. 2006;21:2-12.9 Häkk<strong>in</strong>en A, Holopa<strong>in</strong>en E, Kautia<strong>in</strong>en H, Sillanpää E, Häkk<strong>in</strong>en K. Neuromuscular functionand balance of prepubertal and pubertal bl<strong>in</strong>d and sighted boys. Acta Paediatr.2006;95(10):1277-83.10 Hopk<strong>in</strong>s WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC, Hill PM. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> of bl<strong>in</strong>d and sighted children. EurJ of Appl Phys Occ Phys. 1987;56: 69-73.11 Seemungal BM, Glasauwer S, Gresty MA, Bronste<strong>in</strong> AM. Vestibular perception and navigation<strong>in</strong> the congenitally bl<strong>in</strong>d. J of Neurophys. 2007;97(6):4341-56.12 Evenhuis HM, Sjoukes L, Koot HM, Kooijman AC. Does visual impairment lead to additionaldisability <strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53(1):19-28.13 Warms C. Physical Activity Measurement <strong>in</strong> <strong>Persons</strong> <strong>with</strong> chronic and disabl<strong>in</strong>g conditions,methods, strategies and issues. Fam Community Health. 2006;29:788-799.14 Carmeli E, Bar-Yossef T, Ariav C, Paz R, Sabbaq H, Levy R. Sensorimotor impairments andstrategies <strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities. Motor Control. 2008;12(4):348-61.15 Reimer AM, Cox RF, Boonstra NF, Smits-Engelsman BC. Effect of visual impairment on goaldirectedaim<strong>in</strong>g movements <strong>in</strong> children. Dev Med Child Neur. 2008;50(10):778-83.16 Sh<strong>in</strong>kfield AJ, Sparrow WA, Day RH. Visual discrim<strong>in</strong>ation and motor reproduction ofmovement by <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. Am J Ment Retard. 1997;102(2):172-81.17 Van Schrojenste<strong>in</strong> Lantman-de Valk HMJ, Metsemakers JFM, Haveman MJ, Crebolder HFJM.Health problems <strong>in</strong> people <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability <strong>in</strong> general practice: A comparativestudy. Family Practice. 2000;17:405–40718 Putten AAJ van der, Vlaskamp C, Reynders K, Nakken H. Children <strong>with</strong> <strong>Profound</strong> Intellectualand Multiple Disabilities: the effects of functional movement activities. Cl<strong>in</strong> Rehabil.2005;19:613-620.19 Palisano R, Hanna SE, Rosenbaum PL, Rusell DJ, Walter SD, Wood EP, Ra<strong>in</strong>a PS, Galuppi BE.Validation of a model of Gross Motor Function for Children With Cerebral Palsy. PhysTherapy. 2000;80:974-985.Chapter 8 | 135
20 Gu<strong>in</strong>houya BC, Apété GK, Hubert H. Evaluation of habitual <strong>physical</strong> activity of children dur<strong>in</strong>gcl<strong>in</strong>ical and epidemiological trials. Sante Publique. 2009;21(5):465-78.21 Bock De F, Menze J, Becker S, Litaker D, Fischer J, Seidel I. Comb<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Accelerometry andHeart Rate for Assess<strong>in</strong>g Preschoolers’ Physical Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2010;42(12):2237-43.22 Vanhees L, Lefevre J, Philippaerts R, Martens M, Huygens W, Troosters T, Beunen G. Howto assess <strong>physical</strong> activity? How to assess <strong>physical</strong> <strong>fitness</strong>? Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil.2005;12(2):102-1423 Hunter J. Energy costs of wheelchair propulsion by elderly and disabled people. Int J RehabilRes. 1987;50-54.24 Littlewood RA, Davies PSW, Cleghorn GJ, Grote RH. Physical activity cost <strong>in</strong> childrenfollow<strong>in</strong>g an acquired bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jury—a comparative study. Cl<strong>in</strong> Nutrition. 2004;23;99-104.25 Sirard JR, Pate RR. Physical activity assessment <strong>in</strong> children and adolescents. Sports Med.2001;31(6):439-54.26 Baynard T, Pitetti KH, Guerra M, Unnithan VB, Fernhall B. Age-related changes <strong>in</strong>aerobic capacity <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> mental retardation: a 20-yr review. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2008;40(11):1984-9.27 Climste<strong>in</strong> M, Pitetti KH, Barrett PJ, Campbell KD. The accuracy of predict<strong>in</strong>g treadmillVO2max for adults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation, <strong>with</strong> and <strong>with</strong>out Down’s syndrome, us<strong>in</strong>g ACSMgender- and activity-specific regression equations. J Intellect Disabil Res. 1993;37:521-3.28 Vlaskamp C, Hiemstra SJ, Wiersma LA & Zijlstra BJH. Extent, duration, and content of dayservices’activities for persons <strong>with</strong> profound <strong>in</strong>tellectual and multiple disabilities. J PolicyPractice Int Dis. 2007;4:152-159.29 Luckasson R, Borthwick-Duffy S, Bunt<strong>in</strong>x W, Coulter D, Craig P, Reeve A. et al. MentalRetardation:Def<strong>in</strong>ition, Classification and Systems of Supports. 2002, American Associationon Mental Retardation, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton.30 Schalock R, Brown I, Brown R, Cumm<strong>in</strong>s RA, Felce D, Matikka L, Keith KD, Parmenter T.Conceptualization, Measurement, and Application of Quality of Life for <strong>Persons</strong> WithIntellectual Disabilities: Report of an International Panel of Experts. Ment Retard2002;40(6):457-470.31 Dutch Society for Doctors <strong>in</strong> Revalidation, 2006, Protocol for diagnosis and treatment ofchildren <strong>with</strong> cerebral palsy and spasticity.32 Dutch Society for Doctors <strong>in</strong> the Care for people <strong>with</strong> an Intellectual Disability (NVAZ)Resistance among people <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability <strong>in</strong> the framework of the ActGovern<strong>in</strong>g Medical-Scientific Research Involv<strong>in</strong>g Humans, behavioural code for doctors <strong>in</strong> theassessment of resistance among people <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability, 1999.33 Karvonen MJ, Kentala E, Mustala, O. The effects of tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g on heart rate: a longitud<strong>in</strong>alstudy. Ann Med Exp Fenn. 1957;35(3):307-315.34 Fernhall B, Millar AL, Tymeson GT, Burkett LN. Maximal exercise test<strong>in</strong>g of mentally retardedadolescents and adults: reliability study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(13):1065-8.35 Brennan RL. Generalizability theory. 2001, New York: Spr<strong>in</strong>ger-Verlag36 Vermunt JK & Magidsen J. Latent class models for classification. Computational Statistics &Data Analysis. 2003;41(3-4):531-53737 Vermunt J., Tran B, Magidsen J. Latent class models <strong>in</strong> longitud<strong>in</strong>al research. In: Menard S,editor. Handbook of longitud<strong>in</strong>al research: design, measurement, and analysis Burl<strong>in</strong>gton:Elsevier. 2007:373-385.136 | Chapter 8
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Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
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Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
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overweight [15]. This prevalence is
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Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
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GMFCS was presented to the investig
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Body weightTo determine the body we
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Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
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Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
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DiscussionThe results of our study
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References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
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37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
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Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
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IntroductionChildren and adults wit
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participants. These calculations as
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Data analysisThe data were analyzed
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IntroductionPeople with intellectua
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Eighty representatives gave permiss
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3) The measurement procedure: The m
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Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
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AcknowledgementsThis research was f
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21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
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Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
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IntroductionIntellectual disability
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Exclusion criteria were mental or p
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participant had fulfilled the task.
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preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
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