2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey GC, Stanish HI. Physical activity of adults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation: reviewand research needs. Am J Health Promotion. 2006;21:2-12.20 Haveman M, Heller T, Lee L, Maaskant M, Shooshtari S, Strydom A. Major health risks <strong>in</strong>age<strong>in</strong>g persons <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities: an overview of recent studies. J Policy PracticeInt Dis. 2010;7:59-69.21 Houwen S, Visscher C, Lemm<strong>in</strong>k KAPM, Hartman E. Motor skill performance of school-agechildren <strong>with</strong> visual impairments. Dev Med and Child Neur. 2008;50(2):139-45.22 Hopk<strong>in</strong>s WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC, Hill PM. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> of bl<strong>in</strong>d and sighted children.Eur J of Appl Phys Occ Phys. 1987;56: 69-73.23 Häkk<strong>in</strong>en A, Holopa<strong>in</strong>en E, Kautia<strong>in</strong>en H, Sillanpää E, Häkk<strong>in</strong>en K. Neuromuscular functionand balance of prepubertal and pubertal bl<strong>in</strong>d and sighted boys. Acta Paediatr.2006;95(10):1277-83.24 Seemungal BM, Glasauwer S, Gresty MA, Bronste<strong>in</strong> AM. Vestibular perception and navigation<strong>in</strong> the congenitally bl<strong>in</strong>d. J of Neurophys. 2007;97(6):4341-56.25 Palisano R, Hanna SE, Rosenbaum PL, Rusell DJ, Walter SD, Wood EP, Ra<strong>in</strong>a PS, Galuppi BE.Validation of a model of Gross Motor Function for Children With Cerebral Palsy. PhysTherapy. 2000;80:974-985.26 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ, Stephens T. Physical activity, Fitness and Health. 1994, HumanK<strong>in</strong>etics Publishers, ChampaignIL.27 Kramer AF, Hahn S, Cohen NJ, Banich MT, McAyley E, Harrison CR, Chason J, Vakil E, BardellL, Boileau RA, Colcombe A. Age<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>fitness</strong> and neurocognitive function. Nature.1999;400:418-41928 Sitskoorn, MM. Het plastische bre<strong>in</strong>; <strong>in</strong>vloed van gedrag. De Psycholoog. 2005;40(5):262-267.29 Colcombe S, Erickson KI, Raz N, Webb AG, MC Auley EB, Kramer AF. Aerobic <strong>fitness</strong> reducesbra<strong>in</strong> tissue loss <strong>in</strong> ag<strong>in</strong>g humans. J Gerontol. 2003;58:176-180.30 Hale L, Bray A, Littmann A. Assess<strong>in</strong>g the balance capacities of people <strong>with</strong> profound<strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities who have experienced a fall. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2007;51(Pt4):260-8.31 Rosenbaum P, Paneth N, Leviton A. A report: the def<strong>in</strong>ition and classification of cerebralpalsy. Dev Med Child Neur. 2007;109:8-14.32 Warms C. Physical Activity Measurement <strong>in</strong> <strong>Persons</strong> <strong>with</strong> chronic and disabl<strong>in</strong>g conditions,methods, strategies and issues. Fam Community Health. 2006;29:788-799.33 Hunter J. Energy costs of wheelchair propulsion by elderly and disabled people. Int J RehabRes. 1987;50-54.34 Littlewood RA, Davies PSW, Cleghorn GJ. Grote RH. Physical activity cost <strong>in</strong> childrentbllow<strong>in</strong>g an acquired bra<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>jury—a comparative study. Cl<strong>in</strong> Nutr. 2004;23:99-104.35 Sirard JR, Pate RR. Physical activity assessment <strong>in</strong> children and adolescents. Sports Med.2001;31(6):439-54.36 Schiariti V, Fayed N, Cieza A, Klassen A, O’Donnell M. Content comparison of health-relatedquality of life measures for cerebral palsy based on the International Classification ofFunction<strong>in</strong>g, Disability and Rehabilitation. 2010;early onl<strong>in</strong>e 1-10.37 Capsersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness:Def<strong>in</strong>itions and Dist<strong>in</strong>ctions for Health-Related Research. Public Health Reports.Chapter 1 | 19
1985;100(2):127-131.38 Wilder RP, Green JA, W<strong>in</strong>ters KL, Long WB 3 rd , Gubler K, Edlich RF. Physical <strong>fitness</strong>assessment: an update. Division of Sp<strong>in</strong>e and Sports Care, The Runner’s Cl<strong>in</strong>ic, Departmentof Physical Medic<strong>in</strong>e and Rehabilitation, University of Virg<strong>in</strong>ia Health Sciences System,Charlottesville, Virg<strong>in</strong>ia, USA.J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2006;16(2):193-204.39 American College of Sports Medic<strong>in</strong>e Position Stand. The recommended quantity and qualityof exercise for develop<strong>in</strong>g and ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g cardiorespiratory and muscular <strong>fitness</strong>, andflexibility <strong>in</strong> healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30:975-9140 World Health Organization. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986.41 Hilgenkamp TIM, Van Wijck R, Evenhuis HM. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> <strong>in</strong> older people <strong>with</strong> ID—Conceptand measur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>struments: A review. Res Dev Dis. 2010;31:1027–1038.42 Bouchard C & Sheppard RJ. Physical activity, <strong>fitness</strong>, and health: The model and keyconcepts <strong>physical</strong> activity, <strong>fitness</strong> and health, <strong>in</strong>ternational proceed<strong>in</strong>gs and consensusstatement. 1994, Champa<strong>in</strong>: Human K<strong>in</strong>etics Publishers.20 | Chapter 1
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Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
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IntroductionIntellectual disability
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Exclusion criteria were mental or p
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participant had fulfilled the task.
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Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
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Table 3. Test-retest reliability of
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Table 4. Correlation scored motivat
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preceding GXT results on HR peak. G
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References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
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37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
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Chapter 6Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
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this study was to evaluate the feas
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obtained from the legal representat
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Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
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Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresT
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References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ
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39 Dorai-Raj S. Binomial Confidence
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Chapter 7Feasibility, test-retest r
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IntroductionPersons with profound i
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DesignThe muscle tone and spasticit
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Interrater reliabilityFirstly, to d
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Table 3. Summary of the statistical
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Table 6. Summary of the statistical
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RecommendationsThe feasibility of c
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18 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te
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Chapter 8Heart Rate Pattern as an I
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IntroductionIt is important to gain
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48 persons18 persons lacked permiss
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Furthermore, the mean and the range
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Table 3. Day-to-day outline of the
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Relation between heart rate pattern
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patterns in this study we can concl
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References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
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38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
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Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
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on this. To sum up, testing in pers
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for future research it is recommend
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studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
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of these individuals require more?
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19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
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SummarySummary | 151
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problems in both locomotor skills a
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subjects are to be applied to perso
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may be an indicator of activity lev
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SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
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InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
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verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
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Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
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Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
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DankwoordDankwoord | 169
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De leden van de leescommissie, prof
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Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
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Dankwoord | 175
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Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
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Curriculum vitae | 179