Measuring physical fitness in Persons with Severe/Profound ...

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patterns in this study we can conclude that they do not meet the ACSM recommendations forhealth related physical fitness [6].The significant relation between time of the day and heart rate may partly be declared bythe circadian rhythms. The circadian system, driven by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, regulatesproperties of cardiovascular function, like blood pressure and heart rate [41, 42].Furthermore, the relation between time of day and heart rate may be an illustration of thehighly structured days in the activity centres of our participants. This is in line with the findingsof Vlaskamp et al [28]: in 6 care facilities in the Netherlands it seemed to be common practiceto have one activity in the morning, mostly between 10 and 11 AM, and one in the afternoon,roughly between 2 and 3 PM. This degree of structure already made us expect a low differencein heart rate patterns between days. Yet, is such structure desirable? Would an alternating dayrhythm result in more activation of persons with PIMD? On the other hand, the advantage of thelow difference in test results between days is that for future research one day of testing suffices,which is efficient.We found no significant relation between heart rate and gender, intellectual level or comorbidityas motor disabilities, spasticity and sensory disabilities when looking at 8-hours heartrate patterns. In order to test for any possible significant relation future research could set upsubcategories, controlling for groups with a specific co-morbidity using groups without thatspecific co-morbidity.Heart rate height as a predictor of antisocial behavior in adolescents was examined in astudy of Sijtsema et al [43]. Their findings showed that heart rate measures obtained with astrict acquisition and analysis protocol were associated with antisocial behavior in boys but notin girls. In other studies it was found that in childhood and adolescence, low heart rate is one ofthe strongest correlates of antisocial behavior [44]. Furthermore, according to the stimulationseekingtheory, some adolescents are constantly under aroused, which is presumably markedby a low heart rate and a subjective unpleasant state [45]. Given the low heart rate zones in ourstudy population, aforementioned research suggests examining the subjective well-being of theseparticipants may be of crucial importance.Physiological outcome measures as an indicator of subjective well-being were alreadyexplored by Vos et al [46] in persons with PIMD. People with PIMD showed more parasympathicactivation when experiencing negative emotions. Most likely this is due to attention regulatingprocesses. They also show a higher heart rate when the emotion intensifies. Nevertheless, theauthors caused the readers to be careful when interpreting their findings since there were severallimitations to their research. Taking all these findings into account, further research on therelation between heart rate of persons with PIMD and psychosocial variables such as emotions isrecommended.In conclusion, persons with PIMD do not attain sufficient activity levels according to ACSMguidelines. Heart rate monitoring seems to be a reliable indicator of physical activity. Time ofday and age have considerable influence on heart rate patterns. However, the observed classesin heart rate patterns suggest other, probably more personal and psychosocial factors to havea significant influence on heart rate patterns as well. Further research into these factors isrecommended.Chapter 8 | 133
AcknowledgementsThis research was financed by Hanze University Groningen and Royal Dutch Visio De Brink.The authors kindly acknowledge and thank the participants for their participation in this study,their representatives for given permission to this and both personal caregivers at the livinggroup and support staff of the activity centre of Royal Dutch Visio The Brink, for filling out thequestionnaires. Furthermore, the authors kindly acknowledge and thank Floor J. Hettinga, PhD,for advice on physiological topics.134 | Chapter 8
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Measuring physical fitnessin person
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Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
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Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
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overweight [15]. This prevalence is
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Theoretical framework of the studyI
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Components of physical fitnessThe a
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Therefore, a study is put forward w
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2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey
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Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
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GMFCS was presented to the investig
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Body weightTo determine the body we
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Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
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Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
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DiscussionThe results of our study
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References1 Bouchard C, Shepard RJ,
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37 Rimmer J, Kelly LE, Rosentswieg
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Chapter 3Measuring waist circumfere
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IntroductionChildren and adults wit
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participants. These calculations as
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Data analysisThe data were analyzed
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Table 2. Simple regression analysis
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Chapter 4Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPeople with intellectua
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Eighty representatives gave permiss
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3) The measurement procedure: The m
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and whether motivation influenced t
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Table 3. Mean peak heart rate achie
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AcknowledgementsThis research was f
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21 Hopkins WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC,
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Chapter 5Psychometric quality of a
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IntroductionIntellectual disability
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Exclusion criteria were mental or p
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participant had fulfilled the task.
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Table 2. Descriptive results peak h
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Table 3. Test-retest reliability of
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Table 4. Correlation scored motivat
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Page 86 and 87: References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Br
Page 88 and 89: 37 Stanish HI, Temple VA, Frey GC.
Page 90 and 91: Chapter 6Feasibility and reliabilit
Page 92 and 93: IntroductionLocomotor skills in peo
Page 94 and 95: this study was to evaluate the feas
Page 96 and 97: obtained from the legal representat
Page 98 and 99: Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresI
Page 100 and 101: Modified Berg Balance Scale scoresT
Page 102 and 103: References1 Van Erkelens-Zwets JHJ
Page 104 and 105: 39 Dorai-Raj S. Binomial Confidence
Page 106 and 107: Chapter 7Feasibility, test-retest r
Page 108 and 109: IntroductionPersons with profound i
Page 110 and 111: DesignThe muscle tone and spasticit
Page 112 and 113: Interrater reliabilityFirstly, to d
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Summary of the statistical
Page 116 and 117: Table 6. Summary of the statistical
Page 118 and 119: RecommendationsThe feasibility of c
Page 120 and 121: 18 Gielen EJJM. Is spasticiteit te
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 8Heart Rate Pattern as an I
Page 124 and 125: IntroductionIt is important to gain
Page 126 and 127: 48 persons18 persons lacked permiss
Page 128 and 129: Furthermore, the mean and the range
Page 130 and 131: Table 3. Day-to-day outline of the
Page 132 and 133: Relation between heart rate pattern
Page 136 and 137: References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
Page 138 and 139: 38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
Page 142 and 143: on this. To sum up, testing in pers
Page 144 and 145: for future research it is recommend
Page 146 and 147: studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
Page 148 and 149: of these individuals require more?
Page 150 and 151: 19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
Page 152 and 153: SummarySummary | 151
Page 154 and 155: problems in both locomotor skills a
Page 156 and 157: subjects are to be applied to perso
Page 158 and 159: may be an indicator of activity lev
Page 160 and 161: SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
Page 162 and 163: InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
Page 164 and 165: verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
Page 166 and 167: Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
Page 168 and 169: Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
Page 170 and 171: DankwoordDankwoord | 169
Page 172 and 173: De leden van de leescommissie, prof
Page 174 and 175: Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
Page 176 and 177: Dankwoord | 175
Page 178 and 179: Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
Page 180: Curriculum vitae | 179
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