References1 Schalock R, Brown I, Brown R, Cumm<strong>in</strong>s RA, Felce D, Matikka L, Keith KD, Parmenter T.Conceptualization, measurement, and application of quality of life for persons <strong>with</strong><strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities: report of an <strong>in</strong>ternational panel of experts. Ment Retard.2002;40(6):457-70.2 Van den Broek EG, Janssen CG, van RT, Deen L. Visual impairments <strong>in</strong> people <strong>with</strong> severeand profound multiple disabilities: an <strong>in</strong>ventory of visual function<strong>in</strong>g. J Intellect Disabil Res.2006;50(Pt 6):470-5.3 Frey GC, Buchanan AM, Rosser Sandt DD. “I’d rather watch TV”: an exam<strong>in</strong>ation of <strong>physical</strong>activity <strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. Ment Retard. 2005;43(4):241-54.4 Graham A, Reid G. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> of adults <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability: a 13-year follow-upstudy. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000;71(2):152-61.5 Houwen S, Visscher C, Lemm<strong>in</strong>k KA, Hartman E. Motor skill performance of school-agechildren <strong>with</strong> visual impairments. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(2):139-45.6 Hopk<strong>in</strong>s WG, Gaeta H, Thomas AC, Hill PM. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> of bl<strong>in</strong>d and sighted children. EurJ Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1987;56(1):69-73.7 Evenhuis HM, Sjoukes L, Koot HM, Kooijman AC. Does visual impairment lead to additionaldisability <strong>in</strong> adults <strong>with</strong> <strong>in</strong>tellectual disabilities? J Intellect Disabil Res. 2009;53(1):19-28.8 Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T. Physical activity, <strong>fitness</strong>, and health : <strong>in</strong>ternationalproceed<strong>in</strong>gs and consensus statement. Human K<strong>in</strong>etics Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs of the 2 nd InternationalConference on Physical Activity, Fitness and Health. 1994, Champaign, Il.9 Angermayr L, Melchart D, L<strong>in</strong>de K. Multifactorial lifestyle <strong>in</strong>terventions <strong>in</strong> the primary andsecondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus--a systematicreview of randomized controlled trials. Ann Behav Med. 2010;40(1):49-64.10 Thomas GN, Jiang CQ, Taheri S et al. A Systematic Review of Lifestyle Modification andGlucose Intolerance <strong>in</strong> the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev.2010;6(6):378-87.11 Wallman K, Goodman C, Morton A, Grove R, Dawson B. Test-retest reliability of the aerobicpower <strong>in</strong>dex component of the tri-level <strong>fitness</strong> profile <strong>in</strong> a sedentary population. J Sci MedSport. 2003;6(4):443-54.12 Wan<strong>in</strong>ge A, Evenhuis IJ, van Wijck R, van der Schans CP. Feasibility and reliability of twodifferent walk<strong>in</strong>g tests <strong>in</strong> persons <strong>with</strong> severe <strong>in</strong>tellectual and sensory disabilities. accepted2010.13 Fernhall B, McCubb<strong>in</strong> J A, Pitetti KH, R<strong>in</strong>tala P, Rimmer JH, Millar AL, De Silva A. Predictionof maximal heart rate <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. Med Sci Sports Exerc.2001;33:1655-1660.14 Froelicher VF, Jr, Thompson AJ Jr, Davis G, Stewart AJ, Triebwasser JH. Prediction ofmaximal oxygen consumption. Comparison of the Bruce and Balke treadmill protocols. Chest.1975;68(3):331-6.15 Millar AL, Fernhall B, Burkett LN. Effects of aerobic tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> adolescents <strong>with</strong> Downsyndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(2):270-4.16 R<strong>in</strong>tala P, Dunn JM, McCubb<strong>in</strong> JA, Qu<strong>in</strong>n C. Validity of a cardiorespiratory <strong>fitness</strong> test formen <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992;24(8):941-5.Chapter 5 | 85
17 Davids K, Button C, Bennett S. Dynamics of Skill Acquisition, a constra<strong>in</strong>ts-led approach.2008, Human K<strong>in</strong>etics, Champaign, IL.18 Bouter LM, van Dongen MCJM, Zielhuis GA. Epidemiologisch onderzoek. vijfde, herziene druked. 2005, Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.19 Midgley AW & Carroll S. Emergence of the verification phase procedure for confirm<strong>in</strong>g‘true’ VO2max. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;(19):313-22.20 Dutch Society for Doctors <strong>in</strong> the Care for people <strong>with</strong> an Intellectual Disability (NVAZ)Resistance among people <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability <strong>in</strong> the framework of the ActGovern<strong>in</strong>g Medical-Scientific Research Involv<strong>in</strong>g Humans, behavioural code for doctors <strong>in</strong> theassessment of resistance among people <strong>with</strong> an <strong>in</strong>tellectual disability, 1999.21 R<strong>in</strong>tala P, McCubb<strong>in</strong> JA, Dunn JM. Familiarization process <strong>in</strong> cardiorespiratory <strong>fitness</strong> test<strong>in</strong>gfor persons <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. Sports Med Tra<strong>in</strong> Rehabil. 1995;6(1):15-27.22 Vashdi E, Hutzler Y, Roth D. Compliance of children <strong>with</strong> moderate to severe <strong>in</strong>tellectualdisability to treadmill walk<strong>in</strong>g: a pilot study. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2008;52(Pt 5):371-9.23 Mc Cormack HM, Horne de DJL, Sheather S. Cl<strong>in</strong>ical applications of visual analogue scales: acritical review. Psych Med. 1988;18:1007-101924 Wewers ME, & Lowe NK. A critical Review of Visual Analogue Scales <strong>in</strong> the Measurement ofCl<strong>in</strong>ical Phenomena. Research <strong>in</strong> Nurs<strong>in</strong>g & Health. 1990;13:227-236.25 Climste<strong>in</strong> M, Pitetti KH, Barrett PJ, Campbell KD. The accuracy of predict<strong>in</strong>g treadmillVO2max for adults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation, <strong>with</strong> and <strong>with</strong>out Down’s syndrome, us<strong>in</strong>g ACSMgender- and activity-specific regression equations. J Intellect Disabil Res.1993;37(Pt 6):521-31.26 Fernhall B, Pitetti KH, Rimmer JH et al. Cardiorespiratory capacity of <strong>in</strong>dividuals <strong>with</strong> mentalretardation <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g Down syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1996;28(3):366-71.27 Atk<strong>in</strong>son G, Nevill AM. Statistical methods for assess<strong>in</strong>g measurement error (reliability) <strong>in</strong>variables relevant to sports medic<strong>in</strong>e. Sports Med. 1998;26(4):217-38.28 Lemm<strong>in</strong>k KAPM. De Gron<strong>in</strong>ger Fitheidstest voor Ouderen. Ontwikkel<strong>in</strong>g van eenmeet<strong>in</strong>strument. 1996, Dissertation, University of Gron<strong>in</strong>gen, Netherlands.29 Portney LG, Watk<strong>in</strong>s MP. Foundations of cl<strong>in</strong>ical research. 2 nd ed. Upper Saddle River, 2000,Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey.30 Bland JM & Altman DG. Statistical methods for assess<strong>in</strong>g agreement between two methodsof cl<strong>in</strong>ical measurement. The Lancet. 1986;1:307-310.31 de Groot JF, Takken T, Schoenmakers MA, Tummers L, Vanhees L, Helders PJ. Reproducibilityof energy cost of locomotion <strong>in</strong> ambulatory children <strong>with</strong> Sp<strong>in</strong>a Bifida. Gait Posture2010;31(2):159-63.32 Field A. Discover<strong>in</strong>g Statistics Us<strong>in</strong>g SPSS. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2005.33 Fernhall B, Millar AL, Tymeson GT, Burkett LN. Maximal exercise test<strong>in</strong>g of mentally retardedadolescents and adults: reliability study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71(13):1065-8.34 Kittredge JM, Rimmer JH, Looney MA. Validation of the Rockport Fitness Walk<strong>in</strong>g Test foradults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26(1):95-102.35 Newell KM. Constra<strong>in</strong>ts on the development of coord<strong>in</strong>ation. In Motor Development <strong>in</strong>Children: Aspects of Coord<strong>in</strong>ation and Control . In: M.G.Wade & H.T.A.Whit<strong>in</strong>g, editor.Dordrecht, Netherlands: Mart<strong>in</strong>us Nijhoff; 1986:341-60.36 Pitetti KH, Rimmer JH, Fernhall B. Physical <strong>fitness</strong> and adults <strong>with</strong> mental retardation. Anoverview of current research and future directions. Sports Med. 1993;16(1):23-56.86 | Chapter 5
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Measuring physical fitnessin person
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Rijksuniversiteit GroningenMeasurin
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Chapter 1IntroductionChapter 1 | 9
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overweight [15]. This prevalence is
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Theoretical framework of the studyI
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Components of physical fitnessThe a
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Therefore, a study is put forward w
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2002;40:436-444.19 Temple VA, Frey
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Chapter 2Feasibility and reliabilit
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IntroductionPhysical fitness and he
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GMFCS was presented to the investig
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Body weightTo determine the body we
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Table 1 Results of Wilcoxon rank te
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Calculation of heightThe mean (SD)
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DiscussionThe results of our study
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References1 Emerson E. Underweight,
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38 Multilevel Models Project (2004)
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Chapter 9General DiscussionChapter
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on this. To sum up, testing in pers
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for future research it is recommend
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studies. Randomized Controlled Tria
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of these individuals require more?
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19 Lahtinen U, Rintala P, Malin A.
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SummarySummary | 151
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problems in both locomotor skills a
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subjects are to be applied to perso
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may be an indicator of activity lev
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SamenvattingSamenvatting | 159
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InleidingVoldoende bewegen en fithe
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verstandelijk niveau en bepaalde mo
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Hieruit bleek, dat de motivatie van
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Verder is duidelijk geworden dat me
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DankwoordDankwoord | 169
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De leden van de leescommissie, prof
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Judith van der Boom, dank je wel vo
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Dankwoord | 175
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Curriculum vitaeCurriculum vitae |
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Curriculum vitae | 179