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62 Neil Longley York, Fiction as Fact: The Horse Soldiers and Popular Memory (Kent, Ohio: Kent StateUniversity Press, 2001), 127.63 New York Times, 26 June, 1959; Variety, 10 and 12 June, 1959.64 Variety, 10 June, 1959.65 In the three years before Greensboro there had been sixteen sit-ins. William T. Martin Riches, The CivilRights Movement: Struggle and Resistance (New York: MacMillan, 1997), 57.66 These were planned by the Congress of Racial Equality to test out the implementation of the 1960 SupremeCourt's judgement in Boynton v. Virginia that racial segregation was illegal on inter-state buses and trainsand in terminals.67 Cook, From Shiloh to Selma, 136-7.68 Thomas J. Pressly, Americans Interpret Their Civil War (New York: Collier Books, 1962, first published1954), 8; Cook, From Shiloh to Selma, 137-142.69 York, Fiction as Fact, 128.70 Manning Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America 1945-90(New York; MacMillan, 1991), 66.71 The Kennedy strategists calculated that fewer than 180 of the 435 members of the House ofRepresentatives would regularly support liberal measures. In the 1961 session only seven out of 23 domesticbills were passed - and none of these were radical measures. Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, AmericaDivided: The Civil War in the 1960s (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 65.72 William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journe\: America Since World War II (New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1999), 307.73 While Wilson's appearance at Gettysburg has become a significant moment it was a last minute decision.He only stayed long enough to deliver his speech. Blight, Race and Reunion, 10-12.74 Cook, From Shiloh to Selma, 142.75 Fairclough, Better Day Coming, 280; Marable, Race, Reform and Rebellion, 73.76 Isserman and Kazin, America Divided, 84.77 Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War, Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy, (Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2000), 187.78 Quotation from Lincoln's Springfield Speech, 17 June, 1858.79 Shurlock to Ford 20 June, 1955. (PCA file on The Searchers, Margaret Herrick Library, Los Angeles). Inthe book Ethan scalps the Comanche - then throws it away for the wolves to find. Le May, The Searchers,28.80 The film is based on the 1903 best-selling novel of the same name by John Fox Jr. and had been filmedtwice before - in 1920 and 1928.81 The 'prophet,' in the film, is introduced as Chad's conscience. In the book Chad's moral dilemma aboutwhich side to support is discussed in detail.82 The original short story, Company of Cowards, was set in Europe in 1944. It was written by WilliamChamberlain and published in The Saturday Evening Post, 10 March, 1956. Jack Schaefer took the idea andwrote a short novel, also called Company of Cowards, published in 1957. Schaefer transferred the location tothe Civil War. Both of these were serious works addressing the problems that individual soldiers faced in war114
- self-belief, reasons for fighting and patriotism. Schaefer wrote the screen outline and the script. Howeverwhile keeping the Civil War location, outwardly the whole tenor of the story was inverted from heroictragedy to farce.83 John S. Rosenberg, 'Towards a New Civil War Revisionism,' American Scholar, 38 (1969), 250-272.84 Coyne, The Crowded Prairie, 105.85 Fairclough, Better Day Coming, 274-5, 280.86 Dudziak, Cold War, Civil Rights, 183-187.87 Edward Tabor Linenthal, Sacred Ground: Americans and their Battlefields (Chicago: University of IllinoisPress, 1991),217.88 Cook, From Shiloh to Selma, 143-4.89 Fairclough, Better Day Coming, 302.115
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Greenwich Academic Literature Archi
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REEL WARS: COLD WAR, CIVIL RIGHTSAN
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ABSTRACTThis study is an examinatio
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ABBREVIATIONSAMPASAHRBirthCommissio
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Historians using film as a resource
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dominated America's foreign policy
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Mary L. Dudziak explores this relat
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pure and simple' and were therefore
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historical texts. Hayden White comp
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Historians, history films and film
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How have sympathetic film historian
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Therefore historians can, with over
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identity and these were taken as th
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21 George F. Custen, 'Hollywood and
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63 Rosenstone, The Historical Film,
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of Honor dedicated to, and listing,
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War.....[it] defined us as to what
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The Civil War and popular cultureJu
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memory,53 the place where Union and
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Despite being a new medium Hollywoo
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From the late 1940s Hollywood was u
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1 William Faulkner, Requiem for a N
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36 Blight, Race and Reunion, 77, 81
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mainly composed of members of the w
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there was cowardice, it was either
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This was another Lost Cause myth -
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stuff with plenty of clothes, rich
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women into or within slavery. 47 Th
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departure when, in the discussion o
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1 William Dean Howells, Los Angeles
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37 Melvyn Stokes, The Civil War in
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All races and religions, that's Ame
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Hollywood almost abandoned Civil Wa
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charged with disloyalty and silence
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Page 73 and 74: a living. The daughters grow up to
Page 75 and 76: Gettysburg. 'You know,' says Henry,
Page 77 and 78: combining two great myths, which co
Page 79 and 80: (1948), Tom Dunson's style of autoc
Page 81 and 82: Patriotism became a white attribute
Page 83 and 84: In the absence of African Americans
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Page 87 and 88: year later, and there was no lead f
Page 89 and 90: 20 Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War, Civil
Page 91 and 92: 56 Richard White, 'Western History'
Page 93 and 94: 7 have seen the promised land.' 'Th
Page 95 and 96: those between whites and African Am
Page 97 and 98: change, to forget what made him, he
Page 99 and 100: eported that the film had 'already
Page 101 and 102: campaigning for Lincoln. John's rea
Page 103 and 104: lack/white relationships, in Civil
Page 105 and 106: McCarthy discredited and a more rel
Page 107 and 108: dispute which once divided our nati
Page 109 and 110: pressure, continued to hold. The me
Page 111 and 112: discrimination, attempts at univers
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Page 119 and 120: 1 Martin Luther King Jr.'s, speech,
Page 121: 44 Blight, Race and Reunion, 8-11,
Page 125 and 126: Sexploitation - which reversed the
Page 127 and 128: would surely recognise the Mexicans
Page 129 and 130: There are similar examples in Major
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Page 135 and 136: e trusted from the wiles of the mis
Page 137 and 138: field-hands are too valuable an inv
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Page 141 and 142: McBurney, even though he is wounded
Page 143 and 144: Most reviewers were sympathetic, se
Page 145 and 146: conservatism,' as a natural ally fo
Page 147 and 148: By the early 1970s, Hollywood's opt
Page 149 and 150: 20 Enoch, in Friendly Persuasion (1
Page 151 and 152: 62 Johnson called what happened the
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Page 161 and 162: those historians who were contestin
Page 163 and 164: 1 James Baldwin, Stranger in the Vi
Page 165 and 166: 39 Robert Brent Toplin, Reel Histor
Page 167 and 168: 1210mmmto3sCT>The number of America
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mainly contain copies of correspond
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killing. There were two other areas
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are 'no compensating moral values a
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epresented.' 32 However, this was t
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Reference has already been made to
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It is in the final period that anti
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22 Letter from Shurlock to William
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Year Director Company190819091910Ba
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191119121912Grant and LincolnHe Fou
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19131913Call to Arms, TheCarpenter,
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1915 Birth of a Nation, TheColonel
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19341935193619371938193919401941194
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Searchers, TheShowdown at AbileneTh
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Alien, Robert C., and Douglas Gomer
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Cassidy, John M., Civil War Cinema:
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Foner, Eric, Who Owns History, (New
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Landy, Marcia, (ed.), The Historica
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Prince, Stephen, A New Pot of Gold:
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Sternsher, Bernard, Consensus, Conf
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