Download (3483kB) - Greenwich Academic Literature Archive ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The bitter legacy of resentment and hatred of white Southerners towards the Yankees, andtheir culture of white supremacy and racism towards the African Americans, was broughtout forcefully in the 1950s and 1960s by the resurgence of the Civil Rights Movement,which followed the Supreme Court's judgement against segregated public schools in1954.27 This produced a white backlash which was articulated at every level in southernsociety through the establishment of White Citizens Councils, the re-emergence of the KuKlux Klan the reiteration of states' rights and white supremacy, and the fears ofmiscegenation. Then the Centennial celebrations of the Civil War (1961-65) provided theopportunity to celebrate the Lost Cause in all its finery, bravery and romanticism. TheConfederate battle flag was hoisted over state capitols as a gesture of defiance against thefederal government's support for desegregation and the descendants of the Confederacydonned the 'gray' to re-enact their victory at the first battle of Bull Run in July 1961.Although civil rights legislation was passed, the re-emergence of the Right, symbolised byNixon winning the presidential election in 1968, led to a period in which the process ofdesegregation slowed down, then left to 'benign neglect' and finally stopped under RonaldReagan. 28 The liberal consensus had disintegrated, to be replaced by a neo-conservatismincreasingly supported by a more fundamentalist religious attitude to the issues of the day.Towards the end of the 1990s there were heated campaigns in Mississippi, South Carolinaand Georgia as to whether the Confederate battle flag - the 'southern cross' - or itsincorporation into state flags should continue to be flown from state houses. 29 Neo-Confederate organisations took root. 30 Whilst these and other similar groups are verysmall they represent far more. In the elections of 2000 the Republican governor of SouthCarolina was voted out of office because he had 'abandoned the Lost Cause and called forthe [Confederate] flag's removal,' while the Supreme Court in Virginia ruled, in 2001, thata state law banning the burning of crosses was unconstitutional. 31 However the swing tothe right has not completely taken over as the new prosecutions of civil rights murderers,who were cleared by all-white juries in the 1950s and 1960s, testifies. 32 And in 2003 TrentLott, the leader of the Republicans in the senate, was forced to resign after he paid tributeto Strom Thurmond, the one-time 'Dixiecrat' segregationist presidential candidate, as theman that the country should have voted for in 1948. 3328
The Civil War and popular cultureJust as the political landscape continuously references back to the Civil War so too haspopular culture used and reused the war. 34 Immediately after the war the South sought tojustify its defeat by inventing the Confederate tradition around the myth of the Lost Cause.This helped to explain to nineteenth century Southerners how and why they lost and helpedthem to cope with the cultural implications of defeat.35 Southerners also found other waysof dealing with their loss through Confederate Memorial Days and erecting statues andmemorials to remember and honour the Confederate dead. Confederate veterans met inlocal 'survivors' associations' and formed a 'national' organisation in 1889 - the UnitedConfederate Veterans (UCV). 36 The UCV had support organisations - the UnitedDaughters of the Confederacy (UDC) founded in 1894 and the United Sons of ConfederateVeterans (USCV) founded in 1896 - which were dedicated to ensure that the Confederatetradition would live on, as well as the magazine, the Confederate Veteran, established in1893. 37What developed in the South in the years following the Civil War was a new culture thatembraced all levels of white society in its attempt to control both the past and the future.As the historian Ray Browne says, '(p)opular culture is the way of life in which and bywhich most people in a society live.....It is the every day world around us.....It is the wayof living we inherit, practice and modify as we please.....it is the dreams we dream whileasleep.' 38 Jim Cullen comments that thepower of popular culture is to offer large numbers of people explanations of why thingsare the way things are - and what, if anything can be done about it. Infuse this powerwith history - explanations of how things came to be the way they are - and you have apotent agent for influencing the thinking, and thus the actions, of millions of people....Popular culture has played a critical role .....[in] remembering the Civil War. 39The way the South established a memory of the Civil War shows how collective memorycan be moulded and the past distorted. Southerners realised that the right education wasessential for the Confederate memory to continue. The UCV and the UDC establishedhistorical committees to promote a 'proper' appreciation of the war by establishing a 'true'history and to see that children were taught only a Southern understanding of the war.40The UCV also proposed that the term 'Rebel' should no longer be used and the Civil Warcalled The War Between the States.'29
Page 1 and 2: Greenwich Academic Literature Archi
Page 3: REEL WARS: COLD WAR, CIVIL RIGHTSAN
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACTThis study is an examinatio
Page 8 and 9: ABBREVIATIONSAMPASAHRBirthCommissio
Page 10 and 11: Historians using film as a resource
Page 12 and 13: dominated America's foreign policy
Page 14 and 15: Mary L. Dudziak explores this relat
Page 17 and 18: pure and simple' and were therefore
Page 19 and 20: historical texts. Hayden White comp
Page 21 and 22: Historians, history films and film
Page 23 and 24: How have sympathetic film historian
Page 25 and 26: Therefore historians can, with over
Page 27 and 28: identity and these were taken as th
Page 29 and 30: 21 George F. Custen, 'Hollywood and
Page 31 and 32: 63 Rosenstone, The Historical Film,
Page 33 and 34: of Honor dedicated to, and listing,
Page 35: War.....[it] defined us as to what
Page 39 and 40: memory,53 the place where Union and
Page 41 and 42: Despite being a new medium Hollywoo
Page 43 and 44: From the late 1940s Hollywood was u
Page 45 and 46: 1 William Faulkner, Requiem for a N
Page 47 and 48: 36 Blight, Race and Reunion, 77, 81
Page 49 and 50: mainly composed of members of the w
Page 51 and 52: there was cowardice, it was either
Page 53 and 54: This was another Lost Cause myth -
Page 55 and 56: stuff with plenty of clothes, rich
Page 57 and 58: women into or within slavery. 47 Th
Page 59 and 60: departure when, in the discussion o
Page 61 and 62: 1 William Dean Howells, Los Angeles
Page 63 and 64: 37 Melvyn Stokes, The Civil War in
Page 65 and 66: All races and religions, that's Ame
Page 67 and 68: Hollywood almost abandoned Civil Wa
Page 69 and 70: charged with disloyalty and silence
Page 71 and 72: ecover from the HUAC investigations
Page 73 and 74: a living. The daughters grow up to
Page 75 and 76: Gettysburg. 'You know,' says Henry,
Page 77 and 78: combining two great myths, which co
Page 79 and 80: (1948), Tom Dunson's style of autoc
Page 81 and 82: Patriotism became a white attribute
Page 83 and 84: In the absence of African Americans
Page 85 and 86: (Horizons West) and businessmen (An
Page 87 and 88:
year later, and there was no lead f
Page 89 and 90:
20 Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War, Civil
Page 91 and 92:
56 Richard White, 'Western History'
Page 93 and 94:
7 have seen the promised land.' 'Th
Page 95 and 96:
those between whites and African Am
Page 97 and 98:
change, to forget what made him, he
Page 99 and 100:
eported that the film had 'already
Page 101 and 102:
campaigning for Lincoln. John's rea
Page 103 and 104:
lack/white relationships, in Civil
Page 105 and 106:
McCarthy discredited and a more rel
Page 107 and 108:
dispute which once divided our nati
Page 109 and 110:
pressure, continued to hold. The me
Page 111 and 112:
discrimination, attempts at univers
Page 113 and 114:
talks about Lincoln pleading that '
Page 115 and 116:
creativity. The Confederates use a
Page 117 and 118:
police in Birmingham and Kennedy's
Page 119 and 120:
1 Martin Luther King Jr.'s, speech,
Page 121 and 122:
44 Blight, Race and Reunion, 8-11,
Page 123 and 124:
- self-belief, reasons for fighting
Page 125 and 126:
Sexploitation - which reversed the
Page 127 and 128:
would surely recognise the Mexicans
Page 129 and 130:
There are similar examples in Major
Page 131 and 132:
on working class whites nor receive
Page 133 and 134:
The conflict between civil rights a
Page 135 and 136:
e trusted from the wiles of the mis
Page 137 and 138:
field-hands are too valuable an inv
Page 139 and 140:
moving the civil rights agenda to a
Page 141 and 142:
McBurney, even though he is wounded
Page 143 and 144:
Most reviewers were sympathetic, se
Page 145 and 146:
conservatism,' as a natural ally fo
Page 147 and 148:
By the early 1970s, Hollywood's opt
Page 149 and 150:
20 Enoch, in Friendly Persuasion (1
Page 151 and 152:
62 Johnson called what happened the
Page 153 and 154:
The world is white no longer; and i
Page 155 and 156:
proceed with civil rights legislati
Page 157 and 158:
would have been counter to the poli
Page 159 and 160:
mid-1990s was rejected as the compa
Page 161 and 162:
those historians who were contestin
Page 163 and 164:
1 James Baldwin, Stranger in the Vi
Page 165 and 166:
39 Robert Brent Toplin, Reel Histor
Page 167 and 168:
1210mmmto3sCT>The number of America
Page 169 and 170:
There is a third problem - that of
Page 171 and 172:
the Library of Congress and the Uni
Page 173 and 174:
mainly contain copies of correspond
Page 175 and 176:
killing. There were two other areas
Page 177 and 178:
are 'no compensating moral values a
Page 179 and 180:
epresented.' 32 However, this was t
Page 181 and 182:
Reference has already been made to
Page 183 and 184:
It is in the final period that anti
Page 185 and 186:
22 Letter from Shurlock to William
Page 187 and 188:
Year Director Company190819091910Ba
Page 189 and 190:
191119121912Grant and LincolnHe Fou
Page 191 and 192:
19131913Call to Arms, TheCarpenter,
Page 193 and 194:
1915 Birth of a Nation, TheColonel
Page 195 and 196:
19341935193619371938193919401941194
Page 197 and 198:
Searchers, TheShowdown at AbileneTh
Page 199 and 200:
Alien, Robert C., and Douglas Gomer
Page 201 and 202:
Cassidy, John M., Civil War Cinema:
Page 203 and 204:
Foner, Eric, Who Owns History, (New
Page 205 and 206:
Landy, Marcia, (ed.), The Historica
Page 207 and 208:
Prince, Stephen, A New Pot of Gold:
Page 209 and 210:
Sternsher, Bernard, Consensus, Conf
show all

Download (3483kB) - Greenwich Academic Literature Archive ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?